Other Names: None
Location: Spotsylvania County
Campaign: Chancellorsville Campaign (April-May 1863)
Date(s): April 30-May 6, 1863
Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker [US]; Gen. Robert E. Lee and Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson [CS]
Forces Engaged: 154,734 total (US 97,382; CS 57,352)
Estimated Casualties: 24,000 total (US 14,000; CS 10,000)
Description: On April 27, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker led the V,
XI, and XII Corps on a campaign to turn the Confederate left flank by crossing the Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers above Fredericksburg.
Passing the Rapidan via Germanna and Ely’s Fords, the Federals concentrated near Chancellorsville on April 30 and May
1. The III Corps was ordered to join the army via United States Ford. Sedgwick’s VI Corps and Gibbon's division remained to demonstrate against the Confederates at Fredericksburg. In the meantime, Lee left a covering force under
Maj. Gen. Jubal Early in Fredericksburg and marched with the rest of the army to confront the Federals. As Hooker’s
army moved toward Fredericksburg on the Orange Turnpike, they encountered increasing Confederate resistance. Hearing reports
of an overwhelming Confederate force, Hooker ordered his army to suspend the advance and to concentrate again at Chancellorsville.
Pressed closely by Lee’s advance, Hooker adopted a defensive posture, thus giving Lee the initiative. On the morning
of May 2, Lt. Gen. T.J. Jackson directed his corps on a march against the Federal left flank, which was reported to be “hanging
in the air.” Fighting was sporadic on other portions of the field throughout the day, as Jackson’s column reached
its jump-off point. At 5:20 pm, Jackson’s line surged forward in an overwhelming attack that crushed the Union XI Corps.
Federal troops rallied, resisted the advance, and counterattacked. Disorganization on both sides and darkness ended the fighting.
While making a night reconnaissance, Jackson was mortally wounded by his own men and carried from the field. J.E.B. Stuart
took temporary command of Jackson’s Corps. On May 3, the Confederates attacked with both wings of the army and massed
their artillery at Hazel Grove. This finally broke the Federal line at Chancellorsville. Hooker withdrew a mile and entrenched
in a defensive “U” with his back to the river at United States Ford. Union generals Berry and Whipple and Confederate
general Paxton were killed; Stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded. On the night of May 5-6, after Union reverses at
Salem Church, Hooker recrossed to the north bank of the Rappahannock. This battle was considered by many historians to be
Lee’s greatest victory.
Result(s): Confederate victory
