Description: As a result of the fall of Forts Henry and Donelson, Confederate Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, the commander in the area, was forced to fall back, giving up Kentucky and much of West and Middle Tennessee. He chose Corinth, Mississippi, a major transportation center, as the staging area for an offensive against Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee; before the Army of the Ohio, under Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell, could join Grant. The Confederate retrenchment was a surprise, although a pleasant one, to the Union forces. Adjacent the Tennessee River, Grant and approximately 40,000 men needed time to mount a southern offensive toward Pittsburg Landing. Grant received orders to await Buell’s Army of the Ohio at Pittsburg Landing. Grant, consequently, did not fortify his position; since many of his men were raw recruits, “Grant had his men drilling. “ Johnston originally planned to attack Grant on April 4th, but delays postponed it until the 6th. Attacking the Union troops on the morning of the 6th, the Confederates surprised and routed many of them. Some Federal units, however, made a determined stand and by afternoon they had established a battle line at the sunken road, known as the “Hornets Nest.” Repeated Rebel attacks failed to carry the Hornets Nest, but massed artillery helped to turn the tide as Confederates surrounded and captured, killed, or wounded most of the Federals. Johnston had been mortally wounded earlier and his second in command, Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard, assumed command. The Union troops established another line covering Pittsburg Landing, anchored with artillery and augmented by Buell’s men who began to arrive and take up positions. Fighting continued until after dark, but the Federals held. By the next morning, the combined Federal forces numbered about 40,000; outnumbering Beauregard’s army of less than 30,000. Beauregard, unaware of the arrival of Buell’s army, launched a counterattack in response to a two-mile advance conducted by William Nelson’s division of Buell’s army at 6:00 am. Initially, the Confederates were successful, but Union troops stiffened and began forcing the Confederates back. Beauregard ordered a counterassault, which stopped the Union advance but did not break its battle line. At this point, Beauregard realized that he could not win and, having suffered too many casualties, he retired from the field and retreated to Corinth. On the 8th, Grant sent Brig. Gen. William T. Sherman, with two brigades, and Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood, with his division, in pursuit of Beauregard. They smashed into the Rebel rearguard, commanded by Col. Nathan Bedford Forrest, at Fallen Timbers. Forrest’s aggressive tactics, although eventually contained, influenced the Union troops to return to Pittsburg Landing. Grant’s mastery of the Confederate forces continued; he had beaten them once again. The Confederates continued to fall back until launching their mid-August offensive.

Two future United States presidents fought at the Battle of Shiloh. Ulysses S. Grant commanded the Federal Army of the Tennessee, while James A. Garfield commanded a brigade in the Federal Army of the Ohio.