Cherokees of the Thomas Legion

Thomas' Legion
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Cherokee Chief William Holland Thomas
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Cherokee Indians: American Civil War
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The Cherokees of Thomas' Legion

Cherokee Indians Civil War History (Thomas Legion)
Cherokee of the Thomas Legion.jpg
Photograph Courtesy of Waynesville Mountaineer

Thomas Legion's Cherokee Battalion and Bodyguards
 
The Thomas Legion's Cherokee veterans posed for their last photograph during the New Orleans Confederate Reunion in 1903. Banner Inscription: “Cherokee Veteran Indians of Thomas’ Legion, 69 N.C. Regiment, Suo-Noo-Kee Camp U.C.V. 4th Brigade, N.C. Division”

Pictured from left to right; Front row: Usai, Kimson Saunooke, Jesse Ross, Jesse Reed, Sevier Skitty. Back row: Bird Saconita, Dave Owl, Lt. Colonel William Williams Stringfield, Lt. Suatie (Suyeta) Owl (Owle), Jim Cag, Wesley Crow, Jessan, Lt. Calvin Cagle. (Cagle is often reported as a member of the Legion, but no records confirm it. However, his presence appears to connect him to the Legion). Names were furnished by the late James R. Thomas, son of William H. Thomas. It is the editor's view that this is the most accurate "photograph interpretation" available. Also see Photos from the Museum of the Cherokee Indian.

 Thomas and the Cherokees Deploy and Defend Western North Carolina
(Overview: Battles and Skirmishes)

For most of the Civil War, the Confederate Eastern Cherokee were equipped with the .69 caliber musket, which could only kill at a short distance (50-100 yards) compared to the Union soldier’s Enfield (200-300 yards). In other words, the Union soldier had a superior advantage, unless the Cherokee, without being detected, could shorten the distance. And guerrilla warfare allowed the Cherokee to meet this objective. (See: Civil War Small Arms, Cherokee Indians: Weapons and Warfare, and The American Civil War and Guerrilla Warfare.)

 
Several accounts have the Eastern Cherokee always cowering, or retreating, in the presence of advancing Union forces in East Tennessee. Nothing could be further from the truth. The fact is that the “East Cherokee” fought with ambush tactics. Their objective was to draw the Union elements into the mountains and then attack! The Cherokee prowess for hunting mountain game had merely transferred, or transitioned, to their fighting tactics. The Cherokee would apply the terrain to their advantage: stalk, pursue, and kill. (Over hundreds of years, they had adapted from hunting game to hunting the enemy.) They merely welcomed a Union chase into the familiar rugged mountains. The Cherokee also employed very effective guerrilla tactics and psychological warfare - styles of warfare that had been perfected centuries prior to the Europeans' arrival to the Americas. The Eastern Cherokee, consequently, did not fight like the Plains Indians or the Europeans, period.
 
The Cherokees reconnoitered the enemy at Chattanooga, Tennessee, in June 1862. The Cherokees, subsequently, fought the enemy at Powell's Valley in September 1862; at the North Carolina - Tennessee line from September 1862 to June 1863; at Murphy, North Carolina, in October 1863; at Gatlinburg, Tennessee, in December 1863; at Deep Creek (Bryson City area) in February 1864; and were instrumental in forcing the Union army's surrender at White Sulphur Springs (Waynesville) in May 1865. Prior to any skirmish or battle, the warrior consulted the traditional oracle stone to know whether or not he would live. (Also see: Cherokee Battalion, Thomas' Legion of Indians and Highlanders: The Beginning, and William Holland Thomas's 20 Cherokee Bodyguard or "Life Guard": Includes Significant American Civil War Events Relating to Western North Carolina.)
 
"...An Indian [from Thomas' Legion] always executes an order with religious fidelity. They scrupulously respect private property--there are no reports of depredations where they are encamped. They are the best scouts in the world..." Knoxville Register, February 21, 1863
 
When the Thomas Legion was ordered to the Shenandoah Valley to participate in Gen. Jubal Early's Valley Campaigns, the Cherokees were detached and assigned to defend the Southern Appalachian Mountains. During the infamous Shelton Laurel Massacre, Thomas and the Indians were assigned to Western North Carolina and were engaging bushwhackers and deserters (O.R., Series 1, Vol. 18, p. 811*), and, when the Confederate forces in the Cumberland Gap capitulated on September 9, 1863, Colonel Thomas and the two Cherokee Companies were guarding the passes of the Smokies (O.R. Ser. 1, Vol. 30, pt. III, p. 661). *Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies; hereinafter cited as O.R.
Thomas was following General Buckner’s Orders and on Sept. 2, 1863, Thomas and the two Cherokee Companies departed Strawberry Plains for Western North Carolina. While Thomas and the Indians were en route to the mountains, Major (later Lt. Col.) William Stringfield’s sister, Mollie, spoke to Thomas as he departed Strawberry Plains and marched down the West Valley Road toward Sevierville. Buckner's order was in response to the great plundering of the region by outlaws, deserters and bushwhackers. With the exception of the Skirmish at Gatlinburg, Tennessee, in December 1863, Thomas and the Cherokee Battalion spent the remainder of the Civil War defending the North Carolina Smokies (O.R., 1, 49, pt II, pp. 754-755). While in North Carolina, Thomas and the Indians were responsible for recruitment duties, fighting bushwhackers, apprehending deserters, and engaging the Union army (Cherokee Indian Scouts and O.R., 53, 313-314). 
When Goldman Bryson's Union Company sacked Murphy in Cherokee County, the Cherokees, led by Lieutenant Campbell "Cam" Harrison Taylor, pursued, engaged and eliminated them. Afterwards, General Braxton Bragg and Governor Zebulon Vance publicly applauded and congratulated Thomas’ Legion for exterminating “Goldman and his Robbers.”
Moreover, Thomas and the Cherokees were guarding and protecting the mountains and this was Thomas's American Civil War Strategy. After all, the legion was initially formed with the intent to defend East Tennessee and Western North Carolina.
Prior to the Thomas Legion capturing White Sulphur Springs (Waynesville), North Carolina, in May 1865, the Thomas Legion's Cherokees encompassed the surrounding mountains and displayed their intimidating "Cherokee War Whoops and Dances." Subsequently, the Confederates surrendered to Union forces. (The Cherokee War Whoops were common practice in ancient Cherokee War Rituals.)

Highly Recommended Reading: Storm in the Mountains: Thomas' Confederate Legion of Cherokee Indians and Mountaineers (Thomas' Legion: The Sixty-ninth North Carolina Regiment). Vernon H. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, spent 10 years conducting extensive Thomas Legion's research. Crow was granted access to rare manuscripts, special collections, and privately held diaries which add great depth to this rarely discussed Civil War legion. He explores and discusses the unit's formation, fighting history, and life of the legion's commander--a Cherokee chief and Confederate colonel--William Holland Thomas. Continued below...

Numerous maps and photographs allow the reader to better understand and relate to the subjects discussed. It also contains rosters which is an added bonus for researchers and genealogists. Crow, furthermore, left no stone unturned while examining the many facets of the Thomas Legion and his research is conveyed on a level that scores with Civil War students and scholars alike.

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Recommended Reading: Civil War in the Indian Territory, by Steve Cottrell (Author), Andy Thomas (Illustrator). Review: From its beginning with the bloody Battle of Wilson's Creek on August 10, 1861, to its end in surrender on June 23, 1865, the Civil War in the Indian Territory proved to be a test of valor and endurance for both sides. Author Steve Cottrell outlines the events that led up to the involvement of the Indian Territory in the war, the role of the Native Americans who took part in the war, and the effect this participation had on the war and this region in particular. As in the rest of the country, neighbor was pitted against neighbor, with members of the same tribes often fighting against each other. Cottrell describes in detail the guerrilla warfare, the surprise attacks, the all-out battles that spilled blood on the now peaceful state of Oklahoma. In addition, he introduces the reader to the interesting and often colorful leaders of the military North and South, including the only American Indian to attain a general's rank in the war, Gen. Stand Watie (member of the Cherokee Nation). With outstanding illustrations by Andy Thomas, this story is a tribute to those who fought and a revealing portrait of the important role they played in this era of our country's history. Continued below... 

Meet The Author: A resident of Carthage, Missouri, Steve Cottrell is a descendant of a Sixth Kansas Cavalry member who served in the Indian Territory during the Civil War. A graduate of Missouri Southern State College in Joplin, Cottrell has participated in several battle reenactments including the Academy Award winning motion picture, "Glory". Active in Civil War battlefield preservation and historical monument projects and contributor of a number of Civil War relics to regional museums, Cottrell recently co-authored Civil War in the Ozarks, also by Pelican. It is now in its second printing.

 

Highly Recommended Viewing: Indian Warriors - The Untold Story of the Civil War (History Channel) (2007). Description: Though largely forgotten, 20 to 30 thousand Native Americans fought in the Civil War. Ely Parker was a Seneca leader who found himself in the thick of battle under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant. Stand Waite--a Confederate general and a Cherokee--was known for his brilliant guerrilla tactics. Continued below...

Also highlighted is Henry Berry Lowery, an Eastern North Carolina Indian, who became known as the Robin Hood of North Carolina. Respected Civil War authors, Thom Hatch and Lawrence Hauptman, help reconstruct these most captivating stories, along with descendants like Cherokee Nation member Jay Hanna, whose great-grandfathers fought for both the Union and the Confederacy. Together, they reveal a new, fresh perspective and the very personal reasons that drew these Native Americans into the fray.

 

Recommended Reading: The Cherokee Nation: A History. Description: Conley's book, "The Cherokee Nation: A History" is an eminently readable, concise but thoughtful account of the Cherokee people from prehistoric times to the present day. The book is formatted in such a way as to make it an ideal text for high school and college classes. At the end of each chapter is a source list and suggestions for further reading. Also at the end of each chapter is an unusual but helpful feature- a glossary of key terms. The book contains interesting maps, photographs and drawings, along with a list of chiefs for the various factions of the Cherokee tribe and nation. Continued below...

In addition to being easily understood, a principal strength of the book is that the author questions some traditional beliefs and sources about the Cherokee past without appearing to be a revisionist or an individual with an agenda in his writing. One such example is when Conley tells the story of Alexander Cuming, an Englishman who took seven Cherokee men with him to England in 1730. One of the Cherokee, Oukanekah, is recorded as having said to the King of England: "We look upon the Great King George as the Sun, and as our Father, and upon ourselves as his children. For though we are red, and you are white our hands and hearts are joined together..." Conley wonders if Oukanekah actually said those words and points out that the only version we have of this story is the English version. There is nothing to indicate if Oukanekah spoke in English or Cherokee, or if his words were recorded at the time they were spoken or were written down later. Conley also points out that in Cherokee culture, the Sun was considered female, so it is curious that King George would be looked upon as the Sun. The "redness" of Native American skin was a European perception. The Cherokee would have described themselves as brown. But Conley does not overly dwell on these things. He continues to tell the story using the sources available. The skill of Conley in communicating his ideas never diminishes. This book is highly recommended as a good place to start the study of Cherokee history. It serves as excellent reference material and belongs in the library of anyone serious about the study of Native Americans.

Additional Sources: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies; Vernon H. Crow, Storm in the Mountains: Thomas' Confederate Legion of Cherokee Indians and Mountaineers; Walter Clark, Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina in the Great War 1861-1865; National Park Service: American Civil War; National Park Service: Soldiers and Sailors System; Weymouth T. Jordan and Louis H. Manarin, North Carolina Troops, 1861-1865; D. H. Hill, Confederate Military History Of North Carolina: North Carolina In The Civil War, 1861-1865; Christopher M. Watford, The Civil War in North Carolina: Soldiers' and Civilians' Letters and Diaries, 1861-1865. Volume 2: The Mountains; William F. Fox, Regimental Losses in the American Civil War.

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