American Civil War Navy
Union and Confederate
Navy History
Union and Confederate Navies
Southern and Northern Warships
Three days after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, on April 15, 1861, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to enlist for three months. Soon after he called for
an additional 42,000 men to sign on for three years, and provided large increases in the army and navy budgets. The purse
strings were now loosened, yet lack of planning in the North and poor resources in the South meant that the campaign at sea
got off to a slow start. Similarly, time was needed to build up armies from scratch.
The Union Navy received an increase' of 18,000 men, and in July, as it became
obvious that this was not going to be a short campaign, Lincoln
asked for an additional 400,000 men for the army.
Once started, the South organized more quickly than the North as its State
militias had been on partial alert since the first states has seceded and President Davis had increased his first call for
troops to 400,000. Despite having far fewer men at its disposal - about one-third of those in the North - by midsummer the
South had nearly as many men under arms.
It had long been anticipated that Southern shipbuilding facilities would
not be able to cope with demand, so by August 1861 Mallory had already contracted for several powerful ironclads in the west.
Here again the South was well in advance of the North.
Few Southern shipyards were of sufficient size, and plants for the manufacture
of machinery and armor were also inadequate. Of the ten yards belonging to the US Navy in 1860, only two were in the South
- one at Norfolk, and a smaller one at Pensacola,
which was better suited to refitting vessels, although it had built several large warships.
Norfolk was
a far superior facility, having constructed thirteen major warships prior to 1861. But even this potential source of large
output would not be enough when compared with the enormous shipbuilding resources of the Union
which had many well equipped navy yards and an abundant supply of private companies.
Many small concerns sprang up in the South, but these were often sited on
a riverbank in a hastily prepared clearing and frequently lacked adequate facilities. In 1860 there were only thirty-six regular
shipbuilding yards in the soon-to-be Confederate states.
Between 1849 and 1858 the volume of ship construction throughout the United States was enormous. More than 8000 vessels were built,
1600 of them in the South. Most of the larger craft in the Southern quota were built at the important coastal towns of Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, New Orleans, and Mobile. Later, small
towns, which were often located miles up twisting, shallow rivers, would play an important part in creating a navy, especially
after the fall of New Orleans and Norfolk
in mid-1862. By then the main need was for small, shallow-draft, well protected craft able to navigate Southern waters. As
luck would have it, these were the very type of craft that such yards could produce.
When vessels were all built of wood, the South had no problems in finding
materials; the difficulties began when iron was introduced. In 1860, from a total of ninety-six foundries and eighty-two rolling
mills, only eleven were of sufficient size to meet production needs. In the Union Pennsylvania alone could swamp the entire
output of the South.
Similarly, the production of suitable machinery was a constant headache and
many Confederate ironclads were lost through inadequate motive power. In 1860 there were nearly 100 engineering establishments,
but most of them were small. However, a few larger companies, such as Noble's Foundry at Rome, Leeds & Co. and Clarke
Foundry at New Orleans, Skates at Mobile, and Shockoe Foundry at Richmond did their best to cope with the flood of work, but
no matter how hard they tried, they were thwarted by the ever-increasing shortage of skilled workers.
Ordnance was another limiting factor in the success of the South, as in 1860
only Tredegar Ironworks could cast guns. (In the sixteen years prior to that date Tredegar had cast nearly 900 guns). Later,
other foundries and ordnance centers, such as the one at Selma,
were established, but these had to compete for the limited supply of iron and manpower.
New Orleans
was the obvious center for shipbuilding in the west, having a well established record going back to 1819 when the first shipyard
opened. From then on many of the river steamers were constructed here; by 1860 there were five yards in the city, with five
more spread out in Louisiana itself. By the time New Orleans fell in April 1862, more than thirty warships had been built
or converted there, but again, these figures are small when compared with the North, where, by the end of the war, several
small private companies would have produced almost as many vessels, often of a more advanced design. Such comparisons highlight
the tremendous disadvantages faced by the South and make her lengthy resistance to the North even more remarkable and praiseworthy.
Transport caused the South difficulties throughout the war. In October 1861
only a portion of the iron plate rolled for Merrimack (Virginia)
by Tredegar Ironworks could be delivered as all the railroad stock was in constant use by the army. When Tredegar reworked
the main shaft for the Mississippi, then being built at New
Orleans, it took nearly a month to make the long journey on a specially built flat car and arrived
only a few days before the city fell.
Battle of Hampton Roads |
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Battle of the Ironclads USS Monitor and CSS Virginia (ex Merrimack) |
For some of the new interior construction sites transport problems
were still worse, as they were not even connected to the railroad. Richmond in Virginia, Edwards Ferry and Whitehall
in North Carolina, Mars Bluff in South Carolina, Safford
and Columbus in Georgia, Yazoo City in Mississippi,
Selma, Montgomery, and Oven Bluff in Alabama,
plus Shreveport in Louisiana
were all yards where it was difficult for supplies to be delivered. These inland yards completed nine ironclads, but another
eight ironclads and six wooden gunboats were destroyed before they became operational to prevent them falling into enemy hands.
Like the North, the South could not at first produce 2-inch plate. Eventually
three companies were able to produce armor of the required thickness, but it was a lengthy business. At the same time, the
Confederate Navy Department tried to start up new rolling mills, but without success.
The poor rail network in the South reflected on the amount of iron produced
at the Tredegar Ironworks. Although that establishment could handle 24 ' 000 tons, only 8000 tons could be delivered in a
year. In fact, at one time Tredegar was closed down because of lack of iron. Poor transport was not the only reason for this;
the Union had made a point of occupying those parts of the South that produced most of the
iron ore.
Common to both sides was a shortage of skilled labor, but it was far worse
in the South as many of the workers in the machine ships were alien and left in vast numbers once the war started. Much of
the remaining skilled workforce was taken into the army. In spite of all the problems, the South did remarkably well to achieve
what it did.
One of the North's greatest achievements was to develop a navy almost from
zero. It began by purchasing or chartering all suitable vessels, quickly arming them, and rushing them into service with crews
who, in many cases, were as fresh to naval service as the ships, themselves.
Within a year a vast construction program was under way. About 300 vessels
were added to the navy and these started to make the blockade effective. By the end of the war, 418 vessels had been purchased,
of which 313 were steamers. An extra 208 warships were built under contract, and over sixty of these were ironclads.
There was great variety in the ships designed for the US Navy, ranging from
fast cruisers needed to pursue the Confederate raiders, to shallow-draft ironclads and gun-boats needed on the Mississippi and elsewhere. One of the most successful developments
was the double-ended gunboat, which was able to maneuver so well in narrow, twisting rivers.
In 1861, US Navy personnel numbered about 1000 officers and 7500 men, and
although there was no naval reserve, there were abundant merchant seamen to call on. By 1864 the numbers had risen to 6000
officers and 45,000 men.
It was important for the navy to be seen achieving victories without aid
from the army, so Gideon Wells, Secretary of the Navy, insisted that New Orleans be captured
by the fleet, and that Charleston should also be taken as
the North considered it to be the seat of the rebellion.
Supplying such a large and far-flung navy needed thorough planning, and required
the establishment of store ships and well-equipped repair yards. In 1864 coal consumption amounted to over 500,000 tons, and
this, together with fresh water, had to e regularly transported long distances to warships, especially the smaller ones which
lacked adequate storage facilities.
Viewed against the huge Northern force, the chances of sustained Confederate
success were always limited. Nonetheless, they fought on, and although the raiders were not particularly effective in combating
the Union blockade, they almost succeeded in driving the Union merchant flag from the sea. However, Union trade itself was
not destroyed. When the European harvest failed in the early 1860s, the bumper crops of the Midwest
were still sold to eager Europeans and trade generally continued to flourish.
In the end the Union Navy tipped the balance, as the blockade slowly strangled
the Confederacy and kept out desperately needed supplies., It took some time, however, before the true effect of this slow
process could be seen.
Interestingly, as early as December 1862, the South had asked Emperor Napoleon
of France to propose an armistice on its
behalf. Although Seward, the Secretary of State, favored the idea, President Lincoln was strongly opposed to any cessation
of hostilities.
In the summer of 1864 the Union faced a
dark period of the war as the country seemed to tire of the conflict. Battles such as those at the Wilderness and Cold Harbor cost the North over 55,000 casualties against the South's 25,000, but the latter could not
so easily make up such losses.
The South was now in dire straits: food was in short supply and morale was
low. There had been a major defeat at Gettysburg and Rappahannock
when General Lee was unable to force the Union Army back over the river, and the conscription drive in the summer of 1864
had been a miserable failure. Nevertheless, Union forces could not have won that dreadful war if the South had not finally
surrendered to the relentless attacks of the Union Army and the subtle but definite pressure exerted by the United States
Navy.
Source: Warships and Naval Battles of the Civil War, by Tony Gibbons
Recommended
Reading: Naval Strategies of the Civil War: Confederate Innovations and Federal Opportunism. Description: One of the most overlooked aspects of the American Civil War is the
naval strategy played out by the U.S. Navy and the fledgling Confederate Navy, which may make this the first book to compare
and contrast the strategic concepts of the Southern Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory against his Northern counterpart,
Gideon Welles. Both men had to accomplish much and were given great latitude in achieving their goals. Mallory's vision of
seapower emphasized technological innovation and individual competence as he sought to match quality against the Union Navy's
(quantity) numerical superiority. Welles had to deal with more bureaucratic structure and to some degree a national strategy
dictated by the White House. Continued below...
The naval blockade
of the South was one of his first tasks - for which he had but few ships available - and although he followed the national
strategy, he did not limit himself to it when opportunities arose. Mallory's dedication to ironclads is well known, but he
also defined the roles of commerce raiders, submarines, and naval mines. Welles's contributions to the Union effort were rooted
in his organizational skills and his willingness to cooperate with the other military departments of his government. This
led to successes through combined army and naval units in several campaigns on and around the Mississippi River.
Recommended
Reading: Naval Campaigns of the Civil War.
Description: This analysis of naval engagements during the War Between the States presents the action from the efforts at
Fort Sumter during the secession of South Carolina in 1860, through the battles in the Gulf of Mexico, on the Mississippi
River, and along the eastern seaboard, to the final attack at Fort Fisher on the coast of North Carolina in January 1865.
This work provides an understanding of the maritime problems facing both sides at the beginning of the war, their efforts
to overcome these problems, and their attempts, both triumphant and tragic, to control the waterways of the South. The Union
blockade, Confederate privateers and commerce raiders are discussed, as is the famous battle between the Monitor and the Merrimack. Continued below…
An overview of the events in the early months preceding the outbreak of the war is presented. The
chronological arrangement of the campaigns allows for ready reference regarding a single event or an entire series of campaigns.
Maps and an index are also included. About the Author: Paul Calore, a graduate of Johnson and Wales University, was the Operations Branch Chief with the Defense Logistics Agency of the
Department of Defense before retiring. He is a supporting member of the U.S. Civil War Center and the Civil War Preservation
Trust and has also written Land Campaigns of the Civil War (2000). He lives in Seekonk,
Massachusetts.
Recommended Reading: Submarine Warfare in
the Civil War. Description: Many people have heard of the Hunley, the experimental Confederate submarine
that sank the USS Housatonic in a daring nighttime operation. Less well known, however, is that the Hunley was not alone under
the waters of America during the Civil
War. Both the Union and Confederacy built a wide and incredible array of vessels that could
maneuver underwater, and many were put to use patrolling enemy waters. Continued below...
In Submarine Warfare in the Civil War, Mark Ragan, who spent years mining factory records and log books,
brings this little-known history to the surface. The hardcover edition, Union and Confederate Submarine Warfare in the Civil War, was published to wide acclaim
in 1999. For this new paperback edition, Ragan has revised and updated the text to include the full story of the Hunley's
recovery and restoration.
Recommended
Reading: Civil War Navies, 1855-1883 (The
U.S. Navy Warship Series) (Hardcover).
Description: Civil War Warships, 1855-1883 is the second in the five-volume US Navy Warships encyclopedia set. This valuable
reference lists the ships of the U.S. Navy and Confederate Navy during the Civil War and the years immediately following -
a significant period in the evolution of warships, the use of steam propulsion, and the development of ordnance. Civil War
Warships provides a wealth and variety of material not found in other books on the subject and will save the reader the effort
needed to track down information in multiple sources. Continued below…
Each ship's
size and time and place of construction are listed along with particulars of naval service. The author provides historical
details that include actions fought, damage sustained, prizes taken, ships sunk, and dates in and out of commission as well
as information about when the ship left the Navy, names used in other services, and its ultimate fate. 140 photographs, including
one of the Confederate cruiser Alabama recently uncovered by the author further contribute to this
indispensable volume. This definitive record of Civil War ships updates the author's previous work and will find a lasting
place among naval reference works.
Recommended
Reading: Rebels and Yankees: Naval Battles of the Civil War (Hardcover). Description: Naval Battles of the Civil War, written by acclaimed Civil War historian
Chester G. Hearn, focuses on the maritime battles fought between the Confederate Rebels and the Union forces in waters off
the eastern seaboard and the great rivers of the United States
during the Civil War. Since very few books have been written on this subject, this volume provides a fascinating and vital
portrayal of the one of the most important conflicts in United States
history. Continued below...
Naval Battles of the Civil War is lavishly illustrated with rare contemporary photographs, detailed artworks,
and explanatory maps, and the text is a wonderful blend of technical information, fast-flowing narrative, and informed commentary.
Recommended
Reading: Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S.
Navy. From Publishers Weekly: Starred
Review. Toll, a former financial analyst and political speechwriter, makes an auspicious debut with this rousing, exhaustively
researched history of the founding of the U.S. Navy. The author chronicles the late 18th- and early 19th-century process of
building a fleet that could project American power beyond her shores. The ragtag Continental Navy created during the Revolution
was promptly dismantled after the war, and it wasn't until 1794—in the face of threats to U.S.
shipping from England, France
and the Barbary states of North Africa—that Congress
authorized the construction of six frigates and laid the foundation for a permanent navy. Continued below…
A cabinet-level
Department of the Navy followed in 1798. The fledgling navy quickly proved its worth in the Quasi War against France
in the Caribbean, the Tripolitan War with Tripoli and the
War of 1812 against the English. In holding its own against the British, the U.S.
fleet broke the British navy's "sacred spell of invincibility," sparked a "new enthusiasm for naval power" in the U.S. and marked the maturation of the American navy. Toll
provides perspective by seamlessly incorporating the era's political and diplomatic history into his superlative single-volume
narrative—a must-read for fans of naval history and the early American
Republic.
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