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IRON BRIGADE : CIVIL WAR
IRON BRIGADE, AKA BLACK HAT BRIGADE, HISTORY
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Introduction
The Iron Brigade, also known as the Iron Brigade of the West or the Black
Hat Brigade, was an infantry brigade in the Union Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. Although it fought entirely in the Eastern Theater,
it was composed of regiments from Western states (states that are today considered Midwestern). Noted for its strong discipline,
its unique uniform appearance, and its tenacious fighting ability, the Iron Brigade suffered the highest percentage of casualties
of any brigade in the war. The nickname "Iron Brigade", with its connotation of fighting men with iron dispositions, was applied
formally or informally to a number of units in the Civil War and in later conflicts. The Iron Brigade of the West was the
unit that received the most lasting publicity in its use of the nickname. The Iron Brigade initially consisted of the 2nd,
6th, and 7th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiments, along with the 19th Indiana, and was later joined by the 24th Michigan.
This composition of men from three Western states led it to be sometimes referred to as the Iron Brigade of the West. They
were known throughout the war as the Black Hats because of the black 1858 model Hardee hats issued to Army regulars, rather
than the blue kepis worn in most other units. Equally good fighting was
done by the famous "Iron Brigade of the West," First Division, First Corps. Its record is, also, a heroic one.
History
In proportion to its numbers this brigade sustained the heaviest loss of
any in the war. The brigade proper contained only the five regiments mentioned; and, yet, its aggregate of losses is exceeded
in only one instance. At Manassas, under command of General Gibbon, the first four regiments named lost 148 killed, 626 wounded,
and 120 missing; total, 894, out of about 2,000 engaged. At Gettysburg, General Meredith commanding, the five regiments were
engaged, losing 162 killed, 724 wounded, and 267 missing; a total of 1,153 casualties, out of 1,883 engaged, or 61 per cent.
Most of the missing at Gettysburg were killed or wounded. The Iron Brigade was also hotly engaged at South Mountain, Antietam,
The Wilderness and Spotsylvania. It was organized in August, 1861, at which time it was composed of the three Wisconsin regiments
and the Nineteenth Indiana. In October, 1862, the Twenty-fourth Michigan was added. The Second Wisconsin and Nineteenth Indiana
did not reenlist, and so were mustered out, respectively, in June and August, 1864. During the Wilderness campaign the Seventh
Indiana was attached to the brigade, but it was mustered out in August. The First New York Sharpshooters' Battalion was also
attached to the brigade at one time, joining it in the fall of 1863. In February, 1865, the brigade was broken up, the Twenty-fourth
Michigan having been ordered to Baltimore. The Sixth and Seventh Regiments remained in the First Brigade, Third Division (Crawford's),
Fifth Corps, while the Sharpshooters' Battalion was assigned elsewhere. General John Gibbon commanded the Iron Brigade at
Manassas, South Mountain, and Antietam; General Meredith, at Gettysburg; and General Cutler at the Wilderness. Cutler was
succeeded in 1864, by General Edward S. Bragg,-- formerly Colonel of the Sixth Wisconsin -- an officer of marked ability and
an intrepid soldier.
Iron Brigade casualties in killed and died of wounds (mortally wounded):
2nd Wisconsin Infantry 238
6th Wisconsin Infantry 244
7th Wisconsin Infantry 281
19th Indiana Infantry 179
24th Michigan Infantry 189
Total Civil War Losses in Killed
and Mortally Wounded 1,131. An additional several hundred died of disease and while in Confederate prisons, and several hundred
more returned home wounded.
| Iron Brigade History |
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| Official Iron Brigade facts |
There was another organization, in the Army of the Potomac, known as the
Iron Brigade, and it was in the same division with the "Iron Brigade of the West." It was composed of the Second United States
Sharpshooters, the Twenty-second, Twenty-fourth, Thirtieth, and Eighty-fourth New York, forming Hatch's (1st) Brigade, First
Division, First Corps. But the Twenty-second, Twenty-fourth, and Thirtieth New York were two years regiments, and were mustered
out in May, 1863, thereby breaking up the organization. The Eighty-fourth New York (14th Brooklyn) was an exceptionally fine
regiment, while the other regiments in the brigade made a reputation, also, as efficient commands. It seems strange that two
brigades in the same division should adopt like synonyms; but, in justice to Hatch's Brigade, it should be stated that it
was the original Iron Brigade, and that Gibbon's Brigade was not known by that title until after Antietam, at which time it
was so designated by a war correspondent, who was apparently unaware of his lack of originality.
The Iron Brigade commanders,
disregarding temporary assignments, were:
Brig. Gen. Rufus King: September
28, 1861 – May 7, 1862
Brig. Gen. John Gibbon:
May 7, 1862 – November 4, 1862
Brig. Gen. Solomon Meredith: November
25, 1862 – July 1, 1863 (wounded at Gettysburg)
The Iron Brigade lost its
all-Western status on July 16, 1863, following its crippling losses at Gettysburg, when the
167th Pennsylvania was incorporated into it. However, the
brigade that succeeded it, which included the survivors of the Iron Brigade, was commanded by:
Col. William W. Robinson
(of the 7th Wisconsin): July 1, 1863 – March 25, 1864
Brig. Gen. Lysander Cutler
(6th Wisconsin): March 25, 1864 – May 6, 1864
Col. William W. Robinson:
May 6, 1864 – June 7, 1864
Brig. Gen. Edward S. Bragg
(6th Wisconsin): June 7, 1864 – February 10, 1865
Col. John A. Kellogg (6th
Wisconsin): February 28, 1865 – April 27, 1865
Col. Henry A. Morrow (24th Michigan): April 27, 1865 – June 5, 1865
Aftermath
In June 1865, the units of the surviving brigade were separated and reassigned to the Army of the Tennessee.
The brigade had fought in the Second Bull Run,
Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Mine Run, Overland, Richmond-Petersburg, and Appomattox campaigns.
The Iron Brigade suffered a total of 1131 in killed and mortally wounded, approximately 500 more died of disease, and several
hundred returned to their respective home state wounded, disabled, and disfigured.
The brigade took pride in its designation, "1st Brigade, 1st Division,
I Corps", under which it played a prominent role in the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863. It repulsed
the first Confederate offensive through Herbst's Woods, capturing much of Brig. Gen. James J. Archer's brigade, and Archer
himself. The 6th Wisconsin (along with 100 men of the brigade guard) are remembered for their famous charge on an unfinished
railroad cut north and west of the town, where they captured the flag of the 2nd Mississippi and took hundreds of Confederate
prisoners.
The Iron Brigade, proportionately, suffered the most casualties of any brigade in the Civil War. For example,
61% (1,153 out of 1,885) were casualties at Gettysburg. Similarly, the 2nd Wisconsin, which suffered 77% casualties at Gettysburg,
suffered the 3rd highest total throughout the war; it was third behind the 24th Michigan (also an Iron Brigade regiment) as
well as the 1st Minnesota in total casualties at Gettysburg. The Michigan regiment lost 397 out of 496 soldiers, an 80% casualty
rate. The 1st Minnesota Regiment actually suffered the most casualties of any unit in the Civil War during
the battle of Gettysburg losing 216 out of 262 men (82%) on day 2 of Gettysburg.
The Iron Brigade and Black Hat Brigade are names forever synonymous with the
relentless fighting spirit exhibited during the nation's trial by fire. For the Iron Brigade had been baptized with multiples fires,
tried and forged like blazing steel during years of shot and shell, and had fought as a band of brothers who had been
formed and fashioned into a solidified unit that had been made of hot iron. Its name, its legacy, is
forever burned into the annals of history.
Other Iron Brigades
Other Iron Brigades of the
Civil War. There were and are other brigades known to some extent by the same nickname:
Another brigade in the Army
of the Potomac
had previously been known as the Iron Brigade (later the Iron Brigade of the East or First Iron Brigade to avoid confusion).
This unit was the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, I Corps, prior to Meredith's brigade getting that designation. It consisted of
the 22nd New York, 24th New York, 30th New York, 14th Regiment (New York State Militia), and 2nd U.S. Sharpshooters. Although this
Iron Brigade of the East served in the same infantry division as the Iron Brigade of the West, press attention focused primarily
on the latter. Most of the Eastern regiments were mustered out before the Battle of Gettysburg, where the remaining Eastern
Iron Brigade Regiments and the Iron Brigade of the West arguably achieved their greatest fame.
A Confederate cavalry brigade
was known as Shelby's Iron Brigade. It was in the division
commanded by Brig. Gen. Joseph O. (Jo) Shelby in the Army
of Missouri and fought in Maj. Gen. Sterling Price's Missouri Expedition in 1864.
Recent scholarship identifies
two other brigades referred to by their members or others as "The Iron Brigade":
3rd Brigade, 1st Division,
III Corps (17th Maine, 3rd Michigan, 5th Michigan,
1st, 37th, and 101st New York)
Reno's
Brigade from the North Carolina expedition (21st and 35th Massachusetts,
51st Pennsylvania, and 51st New York)
Recent scholarship identifies
two other brigades referred to by their members or others as "The Iron Brigade": 3rd
Brigade, 1st Division, III Corps (17th Maine, 3rd Michigan,
5th Michigan, 1st, 37th, and 101st New York);
Reno's Brigade from the North Carolina expedition (21st and 35th Massachusetts, 51st Pennsylvania, and 51st New York).
(Sources and related
reading below.)
Recommended Reading: Iron Brigade:
A Military History (Indiana University Press). Description: This is a excellent account of the Iron Brigade, the "Black Hat Brigade",
the only all western brigade in the Eastern army. This Federal unit fought valiantly at 2nd Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg,
Chancellorsville and at the "High Water Mark" at Gettysburg. It
is a well-written book and also includes battle narratives and comprehensive--and easy to read--maps. Continued
below.
"...This is the definitive history of what I consider
the best brigade-sized unit in either army during the Civil War..." "The battle-torn Iron Brigade contains the most stirring description of the 1st day of battle at Gettysburg
that I have ever read..."
Related Reading:
Recommended Reading:
THOSE DAMNED BLACK HATS!: The Iron Brigade in the Gettysburg Campaign. Description: The Iron Brigade--an all-Western outfit famously branded as The
Iron Brigade of the West--served their enlistments entirely in the Eastern Theater. Hardy men were these soldiers from Indiana, Wisconsin,
and Michigan, who waged war beneath their unique black Hardee Hats on many fields, from Brawner's
Farm during the Second Bull Run Campaign all the way to Appomattox.
In between were memorable combats at South Mountain,
Antietam, Chancellorsville, Mine Run, the Overland Campaign, and the grueling fighting around Petersburg. None of these battles compared with the "four long hours" of July 1, 1863, at
Gettysburg, where the Iron Brigade was all but wrecked. Lance
Herdegen's Those Damned Black Hats! The Iron Brigade in the Gettysburg Campaign is the first book-length account of their
remarkable experiences in Pennsylvania during that fateful
summer of 1863. Continued below.
Drawing upon
a wealth of sources, including dozens of previously unpublished accounts, Herdegen details for the first time the exploits
of the 2nd, 6th, 7th Wisconsin,
19th Indiana, and 24th Michigan
regiments during the entire campaign. On July 1, the Western troops stood line-to-line and often face-to-face with their Confederate
adversaries, who later referred to them as "those damned Black Hats!" With the help of other stalwart comrades, the Hoosiers,
Badgers, and Wolverines shed copious amounts of blood to save the Army of the Potomac's defensive
position west of town. Their heroics above Willoughby Run, along the Chambersburg Pike, and at the Railroad Cut helped define
the opposing lines for the rest of the battle and, perhaps, won the battle that helped preserve the Union. Herdegen's account is much
more than a battle study. The story of the fighting at the "Bloody Railroad Cut" is well known, but the attack and defense
of McPherson's Ridge, the final stand at Seminary Ridge, the occupation of Culp's Hill, and the final pursuit of the Confederate
Army has never been explored in sufficient depth or with such story telling ability. Herdegen completes the journey of the
Black Hats with an account of the reconciliation at the 50th Anniversary Reunion and the Iron Brigade's place in Civil War
history. "Where
has the firmness of the Iron Brigade at Gettysburg been surpassed in history?"
asked Rufus Dawes of the 6th Wisconsin. Indeed, it was a
fair question. The brigade marched to Gettysburg with 1,883
men in ranks and by nightfall on July 1, only 671 men were counted. It would fight on to the end of the Civil War, and do
so without its all-Western composition, but never again was it a major force in battle. Some 150 years after the last member of the Iron Brigade laid down his life for his country,
the complete story of what the Black Hats did at Gettysburg
and how they remembered it is finally available.
Recommended Reading:
A Brotherhood Of Valor: The Common Soldiers Of The Stonewall Brigade C.S.A. And The Iron
Brigade U.S.A. Description: Confederate
General Thomas J. Jackson was arguably the greatest commander of the Civil War. Yet, "Stonewall" Jackson owed much of his success to the troops who served under his command. He eagerly gave
them their due: "You cannot praise these men of my brigade too much; they have fought, marched, and endured more than I even
thought they would." The Stonewall Brigade, composed mainly of Virginians from the Shenandoah Valley, proved its mettle at
First Manassas and never let up--even after its esteemed leader was shot down at Chancellorsville.
Their equally elite counterparts in the Army of the Potomac were known as the Iron Brigade, hardy westerners drawn from Wisconsin, Indiana, and Michigan.
By focusing on these two groups, historian Jeffry Wert retells the story of the Civil War's eastern theater as it was experienced
by these ordinary men from North and South. Continued below.
His battle
descriptions are riveting, especially when he covers Antietam:
Three times
the Georgians charged towards the guns, and three times they were repelled. Union infantry west of the battery ripped apart
the attacker's flank, and the artillerists unleashed more canister.... Finally, the Georgians could withstand the punishment
no longer, and as more Union infantry piled into the Cornfield, Hood's wrecked division retreated towards West Woods and Dunker Church. When
asked later where his command was, Hood replied, "Dead on the field."
But the book
is perhaps most notable for the way in which it describes the everyday hardships befalling each side. They often lacked food,
shoes, blankets, and other military necessities. When the war began, the men believed deeply in their conflicting causes.
Before it was over, writes Wert, "the war itself became their common enemy." Wert is slowly but surely gaining a reputation
as one of the finest popular historians writing about the Civil War; A Brotherhood of Valor will undoubtedly advance his claim.
Recommended Reading: Four Years with the
Iron Brigade: The Civil War Journal of William Ray, Seventh Wisconsin
Volunteers (Hardcover). Description: The recently discovered journal of William Ray of the Seventh Wisconsin is the most
important primary source ever of soldier life in one of the war's most famous fighting units. No other collection of letters
or diaries comes close to it. Two days before his regiment left Wisconsin
in 1861, the twenty-three-year-old blacksmith began, as he described it, "to keep account" of his life in what became the
"Iron Brigade of the West." Continued below.
Ray's journal encompasses all aspects of the enlisted man's life-the battles, the hardships, and the comradeship.
And Ray saw most of the war from the front rank. He was wounded at Second Bull Run, again at Gettysburg,
and yet a third time in the hell of the Wilderness. He penned something in his journal almost every day-occasionally just
a few lines, at other times thousands of words. Ray's candid assessments of officers and strategy, his vivid descriptions
of marches and the fighting, and his evocative tales of foraging and daily army life fill a large gap in the historical record
and give an unforgettable soldier's-eye view of the Civil War.
Recommended Reading: A Full Blown
Yankee of the Iron Brigade: Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers. Description:
A Full Blown Yankee of the Iron Brigade combines the personal experiences of Rufus R. Dawes with a history of the regiment
in which he served. The Iron Brigade was the only all-Western brigade that fought in the eastern armies of the Union and was perhaps the most distinguished of the Federal brigades Continued below.
Dawes is credited with a keen
sense of observation and a fresh and vivid style. Seldom absent from the field during his entire three-and-a-half-year term,
he chronicled Second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness campaign, Cold Harbor,
and the Petersburg lines. Perhaps most remarkable is the well-honed sense of humor he displayed about both the war and himself.
Dawes’s sophisticated account of significant military organizations and events improves our understanding of the epic
of the Civil War.
Recommended Reading:
The Men Stood Like Iron: How the Iron Brigade Won Its Name. Description: No volunteers tramped with more innocent
resolve on the drill fields of 1861 than the farmers, immigrants, shopkeepers, and "piney" camp boys who volunteered for the
Second, Sixth, and Seventh Wisconsin and the Nineteenth Indiana Infantry. The Men Stood Like Iron is the moving, often melancholy,
story of how the backwoods "Calico boys" became soldiers of the celebrated "Iron Brigade."
Sources: The Union Army; Official
Records of the Union and Confederate Armies; Fox, William F. Regimental Losses in the American Civil War (1889); Dyer, Frederick
H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (1908); Beaudot, William J. K., and Herdegen, Lance J., In the Bloody Railroad
Cut at Gettysburg, Morningside, 1990, ISBN 0-89029-535-7; Dorsey, Chris "Of Iron and Stone: A Comparison of the Iron and Stonewall
Brigades," The Journal of America's Military Past, (Winter, 2001); Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands,
Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3; Fox, William F., Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, reprinted
by Morningside Bookshop, Dayton, Ohio, 1993, ISBN 0-685-72194-9; Herdegen, Lance J., The Men Stood Like Iron: How the Iron
Brigade Won Its Name, Indiana University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-253-33221-4; Nolan, Alan T., The Iron Brigade, A Military History,
Indiana University Press, 1961, ISBN 0-253-34102-7.
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