North Carolina Governors
North Carolina's history as an organized governing system led by a governor
may be viewed in five chronological stages: the Virginia colony, the southern plantation, the Lords Proprietors,
the Royal colony, and the state of North Carolina. A chronology of governors
serving during each of these stages is listed at the bottom of the page.
The Virginia Colony
In the sixteenth century the nations of Europe began a period of exploration
and colonization in the "New World." England sought to maintain her interests in the struggle for new territories and resources
among other contending nations, principally Spain. Queen Elizabeth commissioned Sir Walter Raleigh to establish a settlement
in the "New World" to secure England's claims to territory. This new colony was named "Virginia" in honor of Queen Elizabeth,
the virgin queen. The territory of that original colony included what is now North Carolina as well as many other States.
The Southern Plantation
After the mysterious disappearance of the "Lost Colony," the first successful
English settlement was made at Jamestown. From Jamestown, settlement spread south. Eventually a distinction began to be made
by the colonists between Virginia, the Chesapeake Bay area, and Old Virginia or South Virginia, the Roanoke Island area. When
the latter area, now a part of North Carolina, became more settled it became known as the Southern Plantation. A "Commander
of the Southern Plantation" was created by the governor of Virginia. The actions of the Virginia governor outpaced his authority
under the English Crown, and the Southern Plantation and its Commander were short-lived.
The Lords Proprietors
The Stuarts succeeded Queen Elizabeth as monarchs of Britain. Charles I
was beheaded in 1649 and Oliver Cromwell ruled during the "interregnum." Charles II returned the Stuarts to the throne in
1660 and rewarded his loyal supporters. Eight of these loyalists (Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon; George Monck, Duke of Albemarle;
William Craven, Earl of Craven; John Lord Berkeley; Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury; Sir George Carteret; Sir William
Berkeley, Governor of Virginia; and Sir John Colleton) were rewarded by King Charles II by being made Proprietors of his new
colony, Carolina, which reached from the southern boundary of Virginia, incorporating the Southern Plantation, to the northern
boundary of the Spanish colony of Florida. The western boundary of Carolina was to be the "South Seas."
The Royal Colony
The Proprietors had difficulty in managing the colony. There were border
disputes with Virginia, Indian wars with the Tuscarora, and piracy at the hands of the notorious Blackbeard. A portion of
Carolina had emerged as its own organizational unit and became the royal colony of South Carolina in 1719. Advisers to the
British king recommended direct royal control of the colonies. In 1729 seven of the eight Lord Proprietors sold their colonial
holdings in Carolina to the Crown. The lone Proprietor was John Carteret, Earl Granville, who retained the Granville Tract
in North Carolina without governing control until the American Revolution.
The State of North Carolina
Under the rule of the king, dissent within North Carolina grew. The Regulators
rose in the western parts of the state protesting corrupt colonial government. The ladies of Edenton signaled their resolve
to support the American cause in what has become known as the Edenton Tea Party. The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence
in 1775 (now generally considered spurious, but representative of the dissatisfaction with royal government) signified that
the people of the western areas of the colony supported a separation from royal control. On July 15, 1775, Josiah Martin,
pursued by North Carolina patriots, fled from Fort Johnston with his family to the protection of the British warship, Cruizer.
He was to be the last royal governor of North Carolina.
From 1776 until the constitutional convention of 1835, North Carolina's governors
were chosen by the General Assembly. After 1835, governors were elected by popular vote for two year terms, and could be re-elected
for another two years. When North Carolina was readmitted to the Union in 1868, the state's new Constitution allowed for direct
election of the governor for a single four year term. This remained true until 1977, when the 1971 Constitution was amended
to allow a sitting governor to stand for re-election.
Chronology of North Carolina Governors
Original Virginia ColonyRalph
Lane, 1585 - 1586 John White, 1587
Commander of the Southern PlantationSamuel
Stephens, 1662 - 1664 (later governor under Lords Proprietors)
Lords Proprietors[Note:
knowing who the governor of the colony was during this period is complicated. Men appointed to the Governorship were often
residents of England, which meant a long and difficult sea voyage--a voyage which some, in fact, never made. Often the President
of the Council or Speaker of the Assembly acted as governor in the absence of a chief executive, and once or twice active
rebellion broke out between rival factions. For this reason, there is no easy chronology to follow--readers will note that
dates often overlap, or that the same names appear multiple times. For further information, readers might want to consult
William S. Powell's Dictionary of North Carolina Biography. Also of interest is the article "The Governorship of Albemarle
County, 1663 - 1689," by Lindsey Butler (North Carolina Historical Review, 46 (1969): 281 - 299.)]
William Drummond, 1664 - 1667 Samuel Stephens, 1667 - 1669 (previously
Commander of the Southern Plantation) Peter Carteret, 1670 - 1672 John Jenkins, 1672 - 1675 Thomas Eastchurch,
1675 - 1676 John Jenkins, 1676 - 1677 Thomas Miller, 1677 John Harvey, 1679 Henry Wilkinson, 1680 John
Jenkins, 1680 - 1681 Seth Sothel, 1682 - 1689 John Archdale, 1683 - 1686 John Gibbs, 1689 - 1690 Thomas Jarvis,
1690 - 1694 Philip Ludwell, 1690 - 1691, 1692 - 1693, 1693 - 1695 Thomas Harvey, 1694 - 1699 John Archdale, 1695
- 1696 Henderson Walker, 1699 - 1703 Robert Daniel, 1703 - 1705 Thomas Cary, 1705 - 1711 William Glover, 1706
- 1710 Edward Hyde, 1711 - 1712 Thomas Pollock, 1712 - 1714 Charles Eden, 1714 - 1722 Thomas Pollock, 1722
William Reed, 1722 - 1724 George Burrington, 1724 - 1725 (later royal governor) Richard Everard, 1725 - 1731
Royal GovernorsGeorge
Burrington, 1731 - 1734 (previously governor under the Lords Proprietors) Nathaniel Rice, 1734 Gabriel Johnston, 1734
- 1752 Nathaniel Rice, 1752 - 1753 Matthew Rowan, 1753 - 1754 Arthur Dobbs, 1753 - 1763 William Tryon, 1765
- 1771 James Hasell, 1771 Josiah Martin, 1771 - 1775
Governors of the State of North Carolina
Richard Caswell, 1776 - 1780 (first of two terms) Abner Nash, 1780
- 1781 Thomas Burke, 1781 - 1782 Alexander Martin, 1782 - 1785 (first of two terms) Richard Caswell, 1784 - 1787
(second of two terms) Samuel Johnston, 1787 - 1789 Alexander Martin, 1789 - 1792 (second of two terms) Richard
Dobbs Spaight, Sr., 1792 - 1795 Samuel Ashe, 1795 - 1798 William Richardson Davie, 1798 - 1799 Benjamin Williams,
1799 - 1802 (first of two terms) James Turner, 1802 - 1805 Nathaniel Alexander, 1805 - 1807 Benjamin Williams,
1807 - 1808 (second of two terms) David Stone, 1808 - 1810 Benjamin Smith, 1810 - 1811 William Hawkins, 1811 -
1814 William Miller, 1814 - 1817 John Branch, 1817 - 1820 Jesse Franklin, 1820 - 1821 Gabriel Holmes, 1821
- 1824 Hutchins Gordon Burton, 1824 - 1827 James Iredell, Jr., 1827 - 1828 John Owen, 1828 - 1830 Montford
Stokes, 1830 - 1832 David Lowry Swain, 1832 - 1835 Richard Dobbs Spaight, Jr., 1835 - 1836 Edward Bishop Dudley,
1836 - 1841 John Motley Morehead, 1841 - 1845 William Alexander Graham, 1845 - 1849 Charles Manly, 1849 - 1850
David Settle Reid, 1851 - 1854 Warren Winslow, 1854 - 1855 Thomas Bragg, 1855 - 1859 John Willis Ellis, 1859
- 1861 Henry Toole Clark, 1861 - 1862 Zebulon Baird Vance, 1862 - 1865 (first of two terms) William
Woods Holden, 1865 (first of two terms) Jonathan Worth, 1865 - 1868 William Woods Holden, 1868 - 1870 Tod Robinson
Caldwell, 1870 - 1874 Curtis Hooks Brogden, 1874 - 1877 Zebulon
Baird Vance, 1877 - 1879 (second
of two terms) Thomas Jordan Jarvis, 1879 - 1885 Alfred Moore Scales, 1885 - 1889 Daniel Gould Fowle, 1889 - 1891
Thomas Michael Holt, 1891 - 1893 Elias Carr, 1893 - 1897 Daniel Lindsay Russell, 1897 - 1901 Charles
Brantley Aycock, 1901 - 1905 Robert Broadnax Glenn, 1905 - 1909 William Walton Kitchin, 1909 - 1913 Locke Craig,
1913 - 1917 Thomas Walter Bickett, 1917 - 1921 Cameron Morrison, 1921 - 1925 Angus Wilton McLean, 1925 - 1929
Oliver Max Gardner, 1929 - 1933 John Christoph Blucher Ehringhaus, 1933 - 1937 Clyde Roark Hoey, 1937 - 1941 Joseph
Melville Broughton, 1941 - 1945 Robert Gregg Cherry, 1945 - 1949 William Kerr Scott, 1949 - 1953 William Bradley
Umstead, 1953 - 1954 Luther Hartwell Hodges, 1954 - 1961 Terry Sanford, 1961 - 1965 Dan
Killian Moore, 1965 - 1969 Robert Walter Scott, 1969 - 1973 James Eubert Holshouser, Jr., 1973 - 1977 James Baxter
Hunt, Jr., 1977 - 1985 (first of two terms) James Grubbs Martin, 1985 - 1993 James Baxter Hunt, Jr., 1993 - 2001 (second
of two terms) Michael F. Easley, 2001 - 2009 Beverly Perdue, 2009 - present
Sources: North Carolina government, 1585-1979 : a narrative and statistical history, published by the NC
Department of the Secretary of State, and supplemented by members of the Information Services Branch of the State Library
of North Carolina.
Recommended Reading: The Tar Heel State:
A History of North Carolina (Hardcover). Description:
The Tar Heel State: A History of North Carolina constitutes the most comprehensive and inclusive single-volume chronicle of
the state’s storied past to date, culminating with an attentive look at recent events that have transformed North Carolina into a southern megastate. Integrating tales of famous
pioneers, statesmen, soldiers, farmers, captains of industry, activists, and community leaders with more marginalized voices,
including those of Native Americans, African Americans, and women, Milton Ready gives readers a view of North Carolina that
encompasses perspectives and personalities from the coast, "tobacco road," the Piedmont, and the mountains in this sweeping
history of the Tar Heel State. The first such volume in more than two decades, Ready’s work offers a distinctive view
of the state’s history built from myriad stories and episodes. The Tar Heel State is enhanced by one hundred and ninety
illustrations and five maps. Continued below.
Ready begins
with a study of the state’s geography and then invites readers to revisit dramatic struggles of the American Revolution
and Civil War, the early history of Cherokees, the impact of slavery as an institution, the rise of industrial mills, and
the changes wrought by modern information-based technologies since 1970. Mixing spirited anecdotes and illustrative statistics,
Ready describes the rich Native American culture found by John White in 1585, the chartered chaos of North Carolina’s
proprietary settlement, and the chronic distrust of government that grew out of settlement patterns and the colony’s
early political economy. He challenges the perception of relaxed intellectualism attributed to the "Rip van Winkle" state,
the notion that slavery was a relatively benign institution in North Carolina,
and the commonly accepted interpretation of Reconstruction in the state. Ready also discusses how the woman suffrage movement
pushed North Carolina into a hesitant twentieth-century
progressivism. In perhaps his most significant contribution to North Carolina’s
historical record, Ready continues his narrative past the benchmark of World War II and into the twenty-first century. From
the civil rights struggle to the building of research triangles, triads, and parks, Ready recounts the events that have fueled
North Carolina’s accelerated development in recent years and the many challenges that have accompanied such rapid growth,
especially those of population change and environmental degradation.
Related Reading:
Recommended Reading:
Encyclopedia of North Carolina (Hardcover) (The University of North Carolina Press), Description: The first single-volume reference to the events, institutions, and cultural forces
that have defined the state, the Encyclopedia of North Carolina is a landmark publication that will serve those who love and
live in North Carolina for generations to come. Editor William S. Powell, whom the Raleigh News
& Observer described as a "living repository of information on all things North Carolinian," spent fifteen years developing
this volume. With contributions by more than 550 volunteer writers—including scholars, librarians, journalists, and
many others—it is a true "people's encyclopedia" of North Carolina.
Continued below.
The volume
includes more than 2,000 entries, presented alphabetically, consisting of longer essays on major subjects, briefer entries,
and short summaries and definitions. Most entries include suggestions for further reading. Centered on history and the humanities,
topics covered include agriculture; arts and architecture; business and industry; the Civil War; culture and customs; education;
geography; geology, mining, and archaeology; government, politics, and law; media; medicine, science, and technology; military
history; natural environment; organizations, clubs, and foundations; people, languages, and immigration; places and historic
preservation; precolonial and colonial history; recreation and tourism; religion; and transportation. An informative and engaging
compendium, the Encyclopedia of North Carolina is abundantly illustrated with 400 photographs and maps. It is both a celebration
and a gift—from the citizens of North Carolina, to the citizens of North Carolina.
"Truly an exhaustive and exciting view of every aspect of the Old
North State!”
List of North Carolina Governors, North Carolina’s Governors
History, North Carolina Governor Facts, Details, Who is the current Governor of North Carolina? NC Governor Photo, Photos,
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