|
Native American Medal of Honor Winners
In the 20th century, five American Indians have been among those
soldiers to be distinguished by receiving the United States' highest military honor: the Medal of Honor. Given for military
heroism "above and beyond the call of duty," these warriors exhibited extraordinary bravery in the face of the enemy and,
in two cases, made the ultimate sacrifice for their country.
Jack C. Montgomery. A Cherokee from Oklahoma, and a First Lieutenant
with the 45th Infantry Division Thunderbirds. On 22 February 1944, near Padiglione, Italy, Montgomery's rifle platoon was
under fire by three echelons of enemy forces, when he single-handedly attacked all three positions, taking prisoners in the
process. As a result of his courage, Montgomery's actions demoralized the enemy and inspired his men to defeat the Axis troops.
Ernest Childers. A Creek from Oklahoma, and a First Lieutenant
with the 45th Infantry Division. Childers received the Medal of Honor for heroic action in 1943 when, up against machine gun
fire, he and eight men charged the enemy. Although suffering a broken foot in the assault, Childers ordered covering fire
and advanced up the hill, single-handedly killing two snipers, silencing two machine gun nests, and capturing an enemy mortar
observer.
Van Barfoot. A Choctaw from Mississippi, and a Second Lieutenant
in the Thunderbirds. On 23 May 1944, during the breakout from Anzio to Rome, Barfoot knocked out two machine gun nests and
captured 17 German soldiers. Later that same day, he repelled a German tank assault, destroyed a Nazi fieldpiece and while
returning to camp carried two wounded commanders to safety.
Mitchell Red Cloud Jr. A Winnebago from Wisconsin, and a Corporal
in Company E., 19th Infantry Regiment in Korea. On 5 November 1950, Red Cloud was on a ridge guarding his company command
post when he was surprised by Chinese communist forces. He sounded the alarm and stayed in his position firing his automatic
rifle and point-blank to check the assault. This gave his company time to consolidate their defenses. After being severely
wounded by enemy fire, he refused assistance and continued firing upon the enemy until he was fatally wounded. His heroic
action prevented the enemy from overrunning his company's position and gained time for evacuation of the wounded.
Charles George. A Cherokee from North Carolina, and Private First Class in Korea when he was killed on 30 November 1952.
During battle, George threw himself upon a grenade and smothered it with his body. In doing so, he sacrificed his own life
but saved the lives of his comrades. For this brave and selfless act, George was posthumously award the Medal of Honor in
1954.
Nineteenth Century
Alchesay. Sergeant, Indian Scouts. Place and date: Winter of 1872-73. Entry
of service date unknown. Entered service at: Camp Verde, Arizona. Born: 1853, Arizona Territory. Date of issue: 12 April 1875.
Citation: Gallant conduct during campaigns and engagements with Apaches.
Blanquet. Indian Scout. Place and date: Winter of 1872-73. Entry of service
date unknown. Arizona. Date of issue: 12 April 1875. Citation: Gallant conduct during campaigns and engagements with Apaches.
Chiquito. Indian Scout. Place and date: Winter of 1871-73. Entry of service
date unknown. Birth: Arizona. Date of issue: 12 April 1875. Citation: Gallant conduct during campaigns and engagements with
Apaches.
Co-Rux-Te-Chod-Ish (Mad Bear). Sergeant, Pawnee Scouts, U.S. Army. Place and
date: At Republican River, Kansas, 8 July 1869. Entry of service date unknown. Birth: Nebraska. Date of issue: 24 August 1869.
Citation: Ran out from the command in pursuit of a dismounted Indian; was shot down and badly wounded by a bullet from his
own command.
Elsatsoosu. Corporal, Indian Scouts. Place and date: Winter of 1872-73. Entry
of service date unknown. Birth: Arizona. Date of issue: 12 April 1875. Citation: Gallant conduct during campaigns and engagements
with Apaches.
Jim. Sergeant, Indian Scouts. Place and date: Winter of 1871-73. Entry of
service date unknown. Birth: Arizona Territory. Date of issue: 12 April 1875. Citation: Gallant conduct during campaigns and
engagements with Apaches.
Kelsay. Indian Scout. Place and date: Winter of 1872-73. Entry of service
date unknown. Birth: Arizona. Date of issue: 12 April 1875. Citation: Gallant conduct during campaigns and engagements with
Apaches.
Kosoha. Indian Scout. Place and date: Winter of 1872-73. Entry of service
date unknown. Birth: Arizona. Date of issue: 12 April 1875. Citation: Gallant conduct during campaigns and engagements with
Apaches.
Machol. Private, Indian Scouts. Place and date: Arizona, 1872-73. Entry of
service date unknown. Birth: Arizona. Date of issue: 12 April 1875. Citation: Gallant conduct during campaign and engagements
with Apaches.
Nannasaddie. Indian Scout. Place and date: 1872-73. Entry of service date
unknown. Birth: Arizona. Date of issue: 12 April 1875. Citation: Gallant conduct during campaigns and engagements with Apaches.
Nantaje (Nantahe). Indian Scout. Place and date: 1872-73. Entry of service
date unknown. Birth: Arizona. Date of issue: 12 April 1875. Citation: Gallant conduct during campaigns and engagements with
Apaches.
Rowdy. Sergeant, Company A, Indian Scouts. Place and date: Arizona, 7 March
1890. Entry of service date unknown. Birth: Arizona. Date of issue: 15 May 1890. Citation: Bravery in action with Apache Indians.
NEW! Recommended Viewing: We
Shall Remain (PBS) (DVDs) (420 minutes). Midwest Book Review: We Shall Remain is a three-DVD thinpack
set collecting five documentaries from the acclaimed PBS history series "American Experience", about Native American leaders
including Massasoit, Tecumseh, Tenskwatawa, Major Ridge, Geronimo, and Fools Crow, all who did everything they could to resist
being forcibly removed from their land and preserve their culture. Continued below...
Their strategies ranged from military action to diplomacy, spirituality,
or even legal and political means. The stories of these individual leaders span four hundred years; collectively, they give
a portrait of an oft-overlooked yet crucial side of American history, and carry the highest recommendation for public library
as well as home DVD collections. Special features include behind-the-scenes footage, a thirty-minute preview film, materials
for educators and librarians, four ReelNative films of Native Americans sharing their personal stories, and three Native Now
films about modern-day issues facing Native Americans. 7 hours. "Viewers will be amazed." "If you're keeping score, this program
ranks among the best TV documentaries ever made." and "Reminds us that true glory lies in the honest histories of people,
not the manipulated histories of governments. This is the stuff they kept from us." --Clif Garboden, The Boston Phoenix.
Recommended Viewing:
The Great Indian Wars: 1540-1890 (2009) (230 minutes). Description: The
year 1540 was a crucial turning point in American history. The Great Indian Wars
were incited by Francisco Vazquez de Coronado when his expedition to the Great
Plains launched the inevitable 350 year struggle between the white man and the American Indians. This series defines
the struggles of practically every major American Indian tribe. It is also
a fascinating study of the American Indians' beginnings on the North American Continent, while reflecting the factional
splits as well as alliances. Continued below...
The Great
Indian Wars is more than a documentary about the
battles and conflicts, wars and warfare, fighting tactics and strategies, and weapons of the American Indians. You will journey
with the Indians and witness how they adapted from the bow to the rifle, and view the European introduction of the horse to
the Americas and how the Indians adapted and perfected it for both hunting and
warfare. This fascinating documentary also reflects the migration patterns--including numerous maps--and the evolution
of every major tribe, as well as the strengths, weaknesses, and challenges of each tribe. Spanning nearly 4 hours and filled
with spectacular paintings and photographs, this documentary is action-packed from start to finish.
Recommended Viewing: 500 Nations (DVDs) (372 minutes). Description:
500 Nations is an eight-part documentary (more than 6 hours and
that's not including its interactive CD-ROM filled with extra features) that explores the history of the
indigenous peoples of North and Central America, from pre-Colombian times through the period of European contact and colonization,
to the end of the 19th century and the subjugation of the Plains Indians of North America. 500 Nations utilizes historical
texts, eyewitness accounts, pictorial sources and computer graphic reconstructions to explore the magnificent civilizations
which flourished prior to contact with Western civilization, and to tell the dramatic and tragic story of the Native American
nations' desperate attempts to retain their way of life against overwhelming odds. Continued below...
Mention the word "Indian," and most will conjure up images inspired by myths and movies: teepees, headdresses,
and war paint; Sitting Bull, Geronimo, Crazy Horse, and their battles (like Little Big Horn) with the U.S. Cavalry. Those
stories of the so-called "horse nations" of the Great Plains are all here, but so is a great deal more. Using impressive computer
imaging, photos, location film footage and breathtaking cinematography, interviews with present-day Indians, books and manuscripts,
museum artifacts, and more, Leustig and his crew go back more than a millennium to present an fascinating account of Indians,
including those (like the Maya and Aztecs in Mexico and the Anasazi in the Southwest) who were here long before white men
ever reached these shores.
It was the arrival of Europeans like Columbus, Cortez, and DeSoto that marked the beginning
of the end for the Indians. Considering the participation of host Kevin Costner, whose film Dances with Wolves was highly
sympathetic to the Indians, it's no bulletin that 500 Nations also takes a compassionate view of the multitude of calamities--from
alcohol and disease to the corruption of their culture and the depletion of their vast natural resources--visited on them
by the white man in his quest for land and money, eventually leading to such horrific events as the Trail of Tears "forced
march," the massacre at Wounded Knee, and other consequences of the effort to "relocate" Indians to the reservations where
many of them still live. Along the way, we learn about the Indians' participation in such events as the American Revolution
and the War of 1812, as well as popular legends like the first Thanksgiving (it really happened) and the rescue of Captain
John Smith by Pocahontas (it probably didn't).
Recommended Reading: Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to
the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations (Facts on File Library of American History) (Hardcover). Review
from Booklist: More than 450 inventions and innovations that can be traced to indigenous peoples of North, Middle, and South
America are described in this wonderful encyclopedia. Criteria for selection are that the item or concept must have originated
in the Americas, it must have been used by the indigenous people, and it must have been adopted in some way by other cultures.
Continued below...
Some
of the innovations may have been independently developed in other parts of the world (geometry, for example, was developed
in ancient China, Greece, and the Middle East as well as in the Americas) but still fit all three criteria. The period of
time covered is 25,000 B.C. to the twentieth century. Among the entries are Adobe, Agriculture, Appaloosa horse breed, Chocolate,
Cigars, Diabetes medication, Freeze-drying, Hydraulics, Trousers, Urban planning, and Zoned biodiversity. Readers will find
much of the content revealing. The authors note that the Moche "invented the electrochemical production of electricity" although
they used it only for electroplating, a process they developed "more than a thousand years" before the Europeans, who generally
get the credit. The Aztec medical system was far more comprehensive than anything available in Europe at the time of contact.
The
Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World is an "Eyeopener to the innumerable contributions of the American
Indian to our nation and to world civilizations...."
The
awards it has won and some of the print reviews this book has received are listed below.
Winner 11th Annual
Colorado
Book Award, Collections and Anthologies
Winner Wordcraft Circle of Native Writers and Storytellers Writer of
the Year, Creative Reference Work, 2002
Selected by Booklist
as Editors Choice Reference Source, 2002
"This is a well-written
book with fascinating information and wonderful pictures. It should be in every public, school, and academic library for its
depth of research and amazing wealth of knowledge. We've starred this title because it is eye-opening and thought-provoking,
and there is nothing else quite like it." Booklist Starred Review
"[An] interesting,
informative, and inspiring book." Native Peoples Magazine
"I would strongly
urge anyone with a kernel of intellectual curiosity: teacher, administrator, researcher, lawyer, politician, writer, to buy
this book. I guarantee it will enlighten, stimulate and entertain...Native students and indigenous instructors must obtain
their own copies of the Encyclopedia. Whether Cree, Mayan or Penobscot they will find a deep source of pride on each and every
page. I can well imagine the excitement of Native teachers when they obtain the book followed by an eagerness to share its
contents with everyone within reach."
"I hope the Encyclopedia
will serve as the basis for an entirely new approach to Native history, one in which the scholar is liberated from the anti-Indian
texts of the recent past. Ideally, a copy of the Encyclopedia should be in every class in every school across the hemisphere." Akwesasne
Notes-Indian Time–Doug George-Kanentiio, Akwesasne Mohawk, co-founder of the Native American Journalists Association
and the Akwesasne Communications Society
"Highly recommended
for academic libraries keeping collections about American Indians." Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries
"Native accomplishments
finally get their due in this award-winning book." American Indian Report
"A treasure trove
of information about the large range of technologies and productions of Indian peoples. This is indeed the most comprehensive
compilation of American Indian inventions and contributions to date. It is most worthwhile and should be on the bookshelves
of every library and home in America."
Indian Country Today
"This large, well-illustrated
volume is an excellent reference. One of the important strengths of the encyclopedia is that the information provided is balanced
and rooted in facts, not speculation. Highly recommended." Multicultural Review
"Far from the stereotypical
idea that Native Americans were uncultured and simple, possessing only uncomplicated inventions such as bows and arrows or
canoes, these varied cultures donated a rich assortment of ideas and items to the world. This book can be recommended to libraries
that support an interdisciplinary approach to student learning, such as units that integrate biology and culture studies projects."
VOYA: Voice of Youth Advocates
"...a comprehensive,
unique A to Z reference to the vast offerings made by the American Indians throughout history." Winds of Change (American
Indian Science and Engineering Society)
"We bought one for each center. It is
a GREAT resource." Ann Rutherford, Director Learning
Resources Center, Oglala Lakota College
"As I travel to conferences and host
presentations, I take your book as a reference and to show individuals. It allows science, engineering and math students to
gain insight into the traditional knowledge held about these and related subjects. I believe it empowers them to know this
knowledge is already within. To balance contemporary knowledge within that context creates a student who can experience a
topic from a number of perspectives." Jacqueline Bolman, Director, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology Scientific
Knowledge for Indian Learning and Leadership (SKILL)/NASA Honors Program
"…the three page introduction alone
makes this book a valuable resource as it sets forth the circumstances which led the invaders to change their initial writings
of wonder at the advanced native societies…I hope a way can be found to put this book in the hands of our youth and
all who touch them." Carter Camp, American Indian rights activist, Ponca tribal leader and founder of Kansas/Oklahoma AIM
Recommended Reading: Atlas of the
North American Indian. Description: This
unique resource covers the entire history, culture, tribal locations, languages, and lifeways of Native American groups across
the United States, Canada,
Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Thoroughly updated, Atlas of the North American Indian combines clear and informative text
with newly drawn maps to provide the most up-to-date political and cultural developments in Indian affairs, as well as the
latest archaeological research findings on prehistoric peoples. The new edition features several revised and updated sections,
such as "Self-Determination," "The Federal and Indian Trust Relationship and the Reservation System," "Urban Indians," "Indian
Social Conditions," and "Indian Cultural Renewal." Continued below...
Other updated information includes: a revised section
on Canada, including Nunavut, the first new Canadian territory created since 1949, with a population that is 85% Inuit; the
latest statistics and new federal laws on tribal enterprises, including a new section on "Indian Gaming"; and current information
on preferred names now in use by certain tribes and groups, such as the use of "Inuit" rather than "Eskimo."
Recommended Reading: 1491: New Revelations of the Americas
Before Columbus.
Description: 1491 is not so much the story of a year,
as of what that year stands for: the long-debated (and often-dismissed) question of what human civilization in the Americas
was like before the Europeans crashed the party. The history books most Americans were (and still are) raised on describe
the continents before Columbus as a vast, underused territory, sparsely populated by primitives whose cultures
would inevitably bow before the advanced technologies of the Europeans. For decades, though, among the archaeologists, anthropologists,
paleolinguists, and others whose discoveries Charles C. Mann brings together in 1491, different stories have been emerging.
Among the revelations: the first Americans may not have come over the Bering land bridge around 12,000 B.C. but by boat along
the Pacific coast 10 or even 20 thousand years earlier; the Americas were a far more urban, more populated, and more technologically
advanced region than generally assumed; and the Indians, rather than living in static harmony with nature, radically engineered
the landscape across the continents, to the point that even "timeless" natural features like the Amazon rainforest can be
seen as products of human intervention. Continued
below...
Mann is well
aware that much of the history he relates is necessarily speculative, the product of pot-shard interpretation and precise
scientific measurements that often end up being radically revised in later decades. But the most compelling of his eye-opening
revisionist stories are among the best-founded: the stories of early American-European contact. To many of those who were
there, the earliest encounters felt more like a meeting of equals than one of natural domination. And those who came later
and found an emptied landscape that seemed ripe for the taking, Mann argues convincingly, encountered not the natural and
unchanging state of the native American, but the evidence of a sudden calamity: the ravages of what was likely the greatest
epidemic in human history, the smallpox and other diseases introduced inadvertently by Europeans to a population without immunity,
which swept through the Americas faster than the explorers who brought it, and left behind for their discovery a land that
held only a shadow of the thriving cultures that it had sustained for centuries before. Includes outstanding photos and maps.
|
