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Operations against Plymouth [April-May 1864]
The Civil War Operations
against Plymouth
was a Confederate effort to recapture vital Southern forts and ports on the North
Carolina coast. The resounding Confederate victory at the battle of Plymouth
added immense ordnance stores to the Southern war effort and reopened the Roanoke River for
Confederate commerce and military operations. Next, the Confederates progressed the Albemarle Sound in an attempt to recapture
New Bern (spelled New Berne at the time).
| NC Coast Map (Roanoke River) |

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| Courtesy Microsoft MapPoint |
| Civil War Battle of Plymouth (Historical Marker) |

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During
the spring of 1864 the Confederate authorities decided on a bold campaign that was designed to capture some of the towns held
by the enemy in eastern North Carolina. Brig. Gen. R. F. Hoke, known for his brilliant battlefield successes, was selected
to command the expedition. He took with him his own, Ransom's, Terry's Virginia brigade, the Forty-third North Carolina Regiment,
of which the distinguished citizen, Thomas S. Kenan, was colonel, and several batteries of artillery, assisted by CSS ram
Albemarle operating in the Roanoke River.
"I have stormed and captured this place [Plymouth], capturing 1 brigadier, 1600 men, stores, and 25 pieces of artillery."
Brigadier General Robert F. Hoke, April 20, 1864*
| North Carolina Civil War Map of Battles |

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Plymouth, North Carolina, was captured on
20 April 1864, by four Confederate brigades under the command of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke, aided by the CSS Albemarle. Hoke intended to follow up his victory by mounting an attack on New Bern. The CSS Albemarle left Plymouth on 5 May 1864,
and, due to the damage sustained in the battle of Albemarle, was forced to abandon its objective
of New Bern and thus returned to Plymouth.
The CSS Albemarle and her two guns had faced a massive Union fleet that totaled sixty guns.
"On
the 23d of April, 1864, at Weldon, N.C., I assumed command of the Department of North Carolina and Southern
Virginia. It included Virginia south to the James and Appomattox,
and all that portion of, North Carolina east of the mountains.
The War Department was closely engaged at that time with certain operations against Plymouth and
New Berne, from which great results were expected at Richmond, but about which the enemy was not much concerned, as the main
object of his campaign could in no wise be affected or seriously disturbed by such a diversion.” G. T. BEAUREGARD, GENERAL,
C.S.A.
| Union Army burn Washington, N.C. |

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| (Historical Marker) |
The
fall of Plymouth led to the Federal evacuation of Washington, N.C., on the 28th of April, 1864. (See Battle and Siege of Washington.) On the evacuation, the town [Washington] was burned by Federal troops. [Union]
General Palmer, in an order condemning the atrocities by his troops, used these words: "It is well known that the army vandals
did not even respect the charitable institutions, but bursting open doors of the Masonic and Odd Fellows' lodge, pillaged
them both and hawked about the streets the regalia and jewels. And this, too, by United States troops! It is well known that
both public and private stores were entered and plundered, and that devastation and destruction ruled the hour." (Official
Records, XXXIII, p. 310)
General
Hoke next moved against New Bern, and Roman says: "General Hoke had already taken the outworks at New Bern and demanded its
surrender; when in obedience to instructions from Richmond, General Beauregard sent him a special messenger (Lieutenant Chisolm,
A.D.C.) with orders to repair forthwith to Petersburg, no matter how far his operations might have advanced against New Bern....No
time was lost in carrying out the order." (Roman's Life of Beauregard, II, p. 199, Note.)
The
anticipated Union attack on the Confederate capital of Richmond had warranted Hoke's immediate assistance. His withdraw and
advance was to be "made with all haste," stated General Robert E. Lee, who had received his instructions directly from President
Jefferson Davis.
*D.
H. Hill, Jr., Confederate Military History Of North Carolina: North Carolina
In The Civil War, 1861-1865, p. 174, places the number at "nearly 3,000 men and 25 pieces of artillery,"
which would be the entire Federal garrison. It appears that Hoke's preliminary report, dated April 20, 1864, is quoted by
many authors and historians, but, since the entire garrison had surrendered, the number of "nearly [less] 3,000" would include
the after battle report, less Confederate casualties. On page 193, furthermore, Hill, quoting Colonel Henry Burgwyn of the
26th North Carolina, states: "Capturing Plymouth...with some [at least] 2,500 prisoners." Both Confederate and Union official
reports and records also place the Union total between 2,500 and 3,000.
Recommended
Reading: The Civil War in North Carolina. Description:
Numerous battles and skirmishes were fought in North Carolina
during the Civil War, and the campaigns and battles themselves were crucial in the grand strategy of the conflict and involved
some of the most famous generals of the war. Continued below...
John Barrett presents the complete story of military engagements across the state, including the classical
pitched battle of Bentonville--involving Generals Joe Johnston and William Sherman--the siege of Fort
Fisher, the amphibious campaigns on the coast, and cavalry sweeps such
as General George Stoneman's Raid.
Operations against Plymouth [April-May 1864]
Related Studies:
North Carolina Coast and the American Civil War
Recommended
Reading: Storm over Carolina: The Confederate Navy's Struggle for Eastern
North Carolina. Description: The struggle for control of the eastern waters of North Carolina
during the War Between the States was a bitter, painful, and sometimes humiliating one for the Confederate navy. No better
example exists of the classic adage, "Too little, too late." Burdened by the lack of adequate warships, construction
facilities, and even ammunition, the South's naval arm fought bravely and even recklessly to stem the tide of the Federal
invasion of North Carolina from the raging Atlantic. Storm Over Carolina is the account of the Southern navy's struggle in North Carolina waters and it is a saga of crushing defeats interspersed with moments of
brilliant and even spectacular victories. It is also the story of dogged Southern determination and incredible perseverance
in the face of overwhelming odds. Continued below...
For most of
the Civil War, the navigable portions of the Roanoke, Tar, Neuse, Chowan, and Pasquotank rivers were
occupied by Federal forces. The Albemarle and Pamlico sounds, as well as most of the coastal towns and counties, were also
under Union control. With the building of the river ironclads, the Confederate navy at last could strike a telling blow against
the invaders, but they were slowly overtaken by events elsewhere. With the war grinding to a close, the last Confederate vessel
in North Carolina waters was destroyed. William T. Sherman
was approaching from the south, Wilmington was lost, and the
Confederacy reeled as if from a mortal blow. For the Confederate navy, and even more so for the besieged citizens of eastern
North Carolina, these were stormy days indeed. Storm Over Carolina describes their story, their struggle, their history.
Recommended
Reading: Rebels and Yankees: Naval Battles of the Civil War (Hardcover). Description: Naval Battles of the Civil War, written by acclaimed Civil War historian
Chester G. Hearn, focuses on the maritime battles fought between the Confederate Rebels and the Union forces in waters off
the eastern seaboard and the great rivers of the United States
during the Civil War. Continued below...
Since very few books have been written on this subject, this volume provides a fascinating and vital portrayal
of the one of the most important conflicts in United States history. Naval Battles
of the Civil War is lavishly illustrated with rare contemporary photographs, detailed artworks, and explanatory maps, and
the text is a wonderful blend of technical information, fast-flowing narrative, and informed commentary.
Recommended
Reading: Ironclads and Columbiads:
The Coast (The Civil War in North Carolina)
(456 pages). Description: Ironclads
and Columbiads covers some of the most important battles and campaigns in the state. In January 1862, Union forces
began in earnest to occupy crucial points on the North Carolina
coast. Within six months, Union army and naval forces effectively controlled coastal North Carolina
from the Virginia line south to present-day Morehead
City. Continued below...
Union setbacks in Virginia, however, led to the withdrawal of many federal
soldiers from North Carolina, leaving only enough Union troops to hold a few coastal strongholds—the vital ports and
railroad junctions. The South during the Civil War, moreover, hotly contested the North’s ability to maintain its grip
on these key coastal strongholds.
Recommended
Reading: The Civil War in the Carolinas (Hardcover). Description: Dan Morrill relates the
experience of two quite different states bound together in the defense of the Confederacy, using letters, diaries, memoirs,
and reports. He shows how the innovative operations of the Union army and navy
along the coast and in the bays and rivers of the Carolinas affected the general course of
the war as well as the daily lives of all Carolinians. He demonstrates the "total war" for North Carolina's vital coastal railroads and ports. In the latter
part of the war, he describes how Sherman's operation cut
out the heart of the last stronghold of the South. Continued below...
The author
offers fascinating sketches of major and minor personalities, including the new president and state governors, Generals Lee,
Beauregard, Pickett, Sherman, D.H. Hill, and Joseph E. Johnston. Rebels and abolitionists, pacifists and unionists, slaves
and freed men and women, all influential, all placed in their context with clear-eyed precision. If he were wielding a needle
instead of a pen, his tapestry would offer us a complete picture of a people at war. Midwest Book Review: The Civil War in the Carolinas by civil war expert and historian
Dan Morrill (History Department, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, and Director of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Historical
Society) is a dramatically presented and extensively researched survey and analysis of the impact the American Civil War had
upon the states of North Carolina and South Carolina, and the people who called these states their home. A meticulous, scholarly,
and thoroughly engaging examination of the details of history and the sweeping change that the war wrought for everyone, The
Civil War In The Carolinas is a welcome and informative addition to American Civil War Studies reference collections.
Recommended
Reading: The
Civil War on the Outer Banks: A History of the Late Rebellion Along the Coast of North Carolina from Carteret to Currituck
With Comments on Prewar Conditions and an Account of (Hardcover: 243 pages). Description: The ports at Beaufort, Wilmington, New Bern and Ocracoke, part of the Outer Banks (a chain of barrier islands that
sweeps down the North Carolina coast from the Virginia Capes to Oregon Inlet), were strategically vital for the import
of war materiel and the export of cash producing crops. From official records, contemporary newspaper accounts, personal journals
of the soldiers, and many unpublished manuscripts and memoirs, this is a full
accounting of the Civil War along the North Carolina coast.
Try the Search
Engine for Related Studies: Operations Against Plymouth North Carolina, American Civil War Battle of Plymouth, Battle of Albemarle
Sound History, Pictures, Details, Union, Confederate Ships, Vessels, Ironclads, CSS Albemarle Details, Facts.
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