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U.S. Coast Guard and the American Civil War
The U.S. Revenue Marine, Its Cutters, and Semper Paratus
Through the years, it had been known as the "system of cutters," the Revenue Marine, Revenue-Marine
Service, and Revenue Service until the title Revenue Cutter Service found its first statutory use in an act passed in
1863. Currently, the United States Coast Guard is the largest component within the United States Department of Homeland
Security.
"You must give us bigger guns than that, boys," shouted John McGowan of
the U.S. Revenue Marine, as the U.S. Coast Guard was known, at the Confederate gunners, when their cannon ball fell short,
ricocheted off the water, and bounded completely over his vessel, "or you'll never hurt us." As if in reply, a Secessionist
battery on Morris Island fired a heavier gun. The seaman taking soundings felt the ball slam into the hull below him
and frantically scurried for safety. McGowan called after him: "You're much safer where you were! Lightning never
strikes twice in the same place!"
McGowan was commanding a lumbering, unarmed side-wheel freighter manned by merchant seamen
but carrying Federal soldiers and military supplies. This ship was far different from the swift, armed revenue cutters
in which he had pursued slavers, smugglers, and pirates.
Now, on January 9, 1861, as skipper of the Federal-chartered merchantman Star of the West,
he was attempting to bring supplies and reinforcements to the besieged Union garrison at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor,
South Carolina. He expected to use the same sort of trickery as those smugglers whose voyages he had sought to disrupt.
Success depended upon secrecy, but this operation was one of the worst-kept secrets of the deepening national crisis.
Ample warning and enthusiastic gun crews doomed the venture to failure.
Star of the West approached Charleston Harbor at first light. McGowan hoped his vessel
would pass for a coastal trader. As soon as the batteries opened fire, he hoisted a second large American flag but,
as the ranking Army officer on board observed, "the one was no more respected than the other." The closer McGowan drew
to Fort Sumter, the more rapid became the Confederate fire. Realizing the futility of continuing against the well-served
shore batteries, McGowan reluctantly ordered his ship out of the harbor.
McGowan's rebuff by rebel artillery was the first skirmish of the American Civil War.
Just three months later, Abraham Lincoln, new to the presidency but determined to "hold, occupy and possess the property and
places belonging to the Government," dispatched warships to relieve Fort Sumter. The angry South Carolinians reacted
on April 12, 1861 with a cannon bombardment that forced the fort's surrender two days later and touched off the four-year
long, fratricidal struggle.
During this action, the U.S. Revenue Marine (USRM) steam cutter Harriet Lane, commanded by Captain John Faunce, USRM, along with the rest of the naval relief squadron, helplessly lay off
the bar at the entrance to Charleston Harbor. Not long after her arrival there on April 11th, recalled the famous Civil
War correspondent, G. S. Osbon, who had been aboard the cutter at the time: ". . . an incident occurred, which I have never seen recorded, but which seems to me worthy of not. A vessel suddenly
appeared through the mist from behind the Bar, a passenger steamer, which was made out to be the Nashville. She had
no colors set, and as she approached the fleet she refused to show them. Captain Faunce ordered one of the guns manned,
and as she came still nearer turned to the gunner. 'Stop her!' he said, and a shot went skipping across her bows.
Immediately the United States ensign went to her gaff end, and she was allowed to proceed. The Harriet Lane had fired
the first shotted gun from the Union side."
Thus, a USRM vessel became the first one of either side to fire a shot in the Civil War. Ironically, the role
that the U.S. Revenue Marine -- the forerunner of the U.S. Coast Guard -- played in this conflict has remained virtually unknown
to the general public, most writers on this period, and even some scholars. This is due in no small measure to the fact
that this unique military service -- the nation's oldest continuous sea-going one -- then operated as part of the Treasury
Department during peace time and with the Navy during war. Moreover, through the years, it had been known variously
as the "system of cutters," the Revenue Marine, Revenue-Marine Service, and even Revenue Service until the title Revenue Cutter
Service found its first statutory use in an act passed in 1863.
Following Fort Sumter, the cutter Harriet Lane soon saw action again.
Because of her speed and shallow draft that permitted her to work close inshore to cover troop landings with her 8-inch gun
and four rifled 32-pounders, the Navy used her extensively in blockading squadrons, bombardments, and amphibious assaults.
In late August 1861, the cutter participated in the first joint amphibious
operation of the war. The objective was the capture of the strategic Confederate forts at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina -- the vital gateway for rebel privateers and blockade runners.
A war correspondent who was present wrote a
graphic description of the cutter's part in the final successful attack:
"At twenty-five minutes past ten the Harriet Lane
opened fire, and soon after the Cumberland came in from the offing and joined in the attack. The Harriet Lane, with
her rifled guns, did good execution, several projectiles from the eight-inch going into the battery and one going through
the ramparts. The fire was so hot that all of the enemy that could do so got into a bomb-proof in the middle of the
battery."
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| USRC Harriet Lane (1857-1861); USS Harriet Lane (1861-1863) |
This action -- the first real Union victory of the war -- was the
last important one for the Harriet Lane as a cutter of the U.S. Revenue Marine. Soon after, on 17 September 1861, she
left the service through a permanent transfer to the Navy.
The subsequent misadventures of this ship, probably the second most famous cutter in the
entire history of the U.S. Coast Guard, took some of the luster off her earlier heroic exploits. On New Year's Day of
1863, the Confederates captured her at Galveston in a bloody, rough-an-tumble boarding with pistol and cutlass. After
service in the Confederate Navy, she was converted into a blockade runner. With the end of the war, she entered the
merchant shipping trade with a new name. Her end came ignominiously in 1884 off Pernambuco, Brazil, when she was abandoned
after becoming waterlogged.
Even before the fall of Fort Sumter, as one Southern State after another seceded from the Union, many military officers
were subjected to a soul-wrenching conflict of allegiances. Those in the U.S. Revenue Marine were not exempt.
Captain James J. Morrison, USRM, a Virginian by birth and the commander of the revenue cutter Lewis Case at Mobile, was a
typical case. This weather beaten veteran of service aboard cutters in both the Seminole and Mexican Wars developed
doubts about the morality of drawing his sword against his native state, relatives, and friends. In the end, he surrendered
his ship to the authorities of the State of Alabama. His officers and crew, not sharing his sentiments but helpless
to prevent his act, banded together. Under the leadership of Third Lieutenant Charles F. Shoemaker, they made their
way throughout the length of the hostile South before reporting aboard other cutters.
When southern-born Captain John G. Breshwood, USRM,
balked at moving his revenue cutter Robert McClelland from New Orleans to New York, Secretary of the Treasury John A. Dix
responded firmly to forestall the surrender of the ship to the seceded State of Louisiana. He wired the second in command
of the cutter, to arrest the captain, assume command, treat Captain Breshwood as a mutineer if he tried to interfere, and
"If anyone attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot."
These strong words, although intercepted and never delivered, would have fallen on deaf
ears, for the second in command was as much a rebel sympathizer as his captain. They went over to the Confederacy, taking
the cutter with them. Nevertheless, Secretary Dix had provided a stirring slogan and rallied Union morale at a critical
point.
With the outbreak of hostilities, or even before, as in the case of the USRM cutter Harriet Lane, President Lincoln
ordered several USRM cutters to combat duty with the Navy. Here, they performed whatever missions assigned, from blockade duty on the coast and inland waters -- where the cutters rendered "incalculable service" by preventing men, mail, supplies, and money from reaching the
South -- to chasing Rebel privateers and providing naval support for Union military ventures. The cutters remaining
under the Treasury Department were desperately needed for law enforcement under wartime pressure. With tariffs increased some 50 percent to help finance the war effort, smuggling had become a major industry.
The emergency found the USRM, like the other military services, ill-equipped. Already,
the Confederate flag flew over five seized cutters, while another had been lost during the Federals' hasty withdrawal from
the Norfolk Navy Yard. In the scramble for ships that ensued in the North, many strange vessels were commissioned, but
the emphasis was on steamships, for the Age of Sail had passed. Witness the orders given to Captain H. B. Nomes, USRM,
of the sailing cutter Forward, which had the mission of keeping open a course for transports in the Chesapeake Bay from Perryville,
Maryland, to Annapolis. He was directed to "capture or sink any unfriendly craft" and to "urge any U.S. steamer he met
to give his schooner in tow in furtherance of duty assigned."
President Lincoln, even though somewhat confused as to the proper administrative chain of
command for the USRM, helped secure one vessel. Within weeks of the firing at Fort Sumter, he dashed off a note to the
"Hon. Sec. of Navy," realized his error and crossed out the word "Navy," and substituted "Treasury," requesting an interview
for James Gordon Bennett, publisher of the New York Herald. In the end, Secretary Chase commissioned Bennett as a First
Lieutenant to command his own yacht, which became the USRM cutter Henrietta and did blockade duty from Long Island to Port
Royal, South Carolina, during the war. Although Bennett resigned from the USRM in May 1862, his tour of duty gave him
a life-long interest in nautical and military affairs, for his newspaper became noted for its wide and detailed coverage of
these fields.
The well-equipped cabin of the converted 225-ton steam yacht Lady le Marchant, purchased
by the USRM for $25,000 and then armed with four brass howitzers and renamed the Miami, accommodated many high ranking dignitaries
at various times during the Civil War. On one such occasion, a rainy night in May 1862, President Lincoln, Secretary
of War, Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, and General Egbert L. Viele, U.S. Army, gathered in
it, while cruising down the Potomac River to Fortress Monroe. This visit had been prompted by the public impatience
over the stalemate at Hampton Roads, where General [George B.] McClellan had allowed the Union Army to become bogged down
before the city of Norfolk.
On this, his first visit to a battlefield, President Lincoln was trying his own hand at running a campaign.
No sooner had the unescorted USRM cutter Miami delivered him safely at Fortress Monroe, then he set in motion the bombardment
of the Confederate batteries at Sewell's Point by the Union fleet in preparation for an amphibious assault. The President
himself, on May 9, boarded a tugboat and went here and there along the shore, scouting out a good place for troops to disembark
and attach toward Norfolk. At 5:30 P.M., reported the log of the USRM Miami, "the President & Secretary Chase came
off and gave us orders to immediately up anchor & follow the boat they were on to the rebel coast. On arriving lowered
boat with officers and armed men to proceed on shore to reconnoiter." When several "horsemen who seemed to be soldiers
of the enemy, appeared on the beach," Secretary Chase asked the President if the Miami's howitzers should "fire on them,"
but Lincoln "replied negatively."
Returning [to] the Fortress Monroe, President Lincoln ordered an immediate infantry assault
by boats, which was hastily organized. At 7 P.M., the Miami, as its log relates, "received orders to return to Lynhaven
Bay & cover with our guns the landing of our troops on their arrival." Early the next morning, the log noted the
sighting of "the transports fleet standing on for the land" and, at 4 A.M., the "transports landing the troops."
Once ashore, the six regiments marched unopposed to Norfolk only to find it already evacuated by the Confederates.
Only smoking ruins of the vast mounds of military supplies remained. This swift and easy victory for Northern arms apparently
was due to President Lincoln's presence and personal drive right on to the scene.
The following day, May 11th, the President rode through the captured town. At one
point, he stopped to gaze upon the ruined hulk of the [Confederate] ironclad Virginia, blown up before the enemy's withdrawal.
Interestingly enough, before being ordered by Secretary Chase "to proceed to the Washington Navy Yard as soon as possible,"
the commanding officer of the USRM Miami recorded in his log that he had received "on board the safety valve of the steamer
ram Virginia as a present to be carried to Washington for President Lincoln."
But, probably, the oddest looking and most valuable acquisition to the service was the USRM
Naugatuck, also sometimes referred to as Ironside or E.S. Stevens in records. Of a radical design, she was a semi-submersible
ironclad, needing only 15 minutes to take on enough water ballast to sink almost 3 feet. Thus, she could enter battle
with only her impenetrable turret mounting a Parrot gun above water. Afterwards, she could pump the water overboard
again in just 8 minutes flat.
Being contemporary with the famous Monitor and Virginia, she was rushed south in hopes of tipping the balance in
the Union's favor. In her first action, she served as bait for a well-laid trap. Her commanding officer, Lieutenant
D. C. Constable, USRM, placed the Naugatuck within a quarter of a mile of the Confederate battery at Sewell's Point and bombarded
it until, as planned, the Virginia steamed out to investigate. Lieutenant Constable then slowly retired toward a squadron
of U.S. Navy steamers, amidst which lurked the Monitor, in hopes of trapping and destroying the Confederate ironclad.
But the Virginia sensed danger, refused the bait, and retired.
When Norfolk fell two days later, on 10 May 1862, the Virginia was destroyed
to prevent her falling into Union hands, and the James River was opened to the Federal fleet. Hoping to beat the Army
troops under General George B. McClellan into Richmond, the navy now took a chance by sending a naval assault flotilla up
the James River to try to shell the Confederate capital into submission. The Navy commander placed the USRM Naugatuck
in the van, with the Monitor and the other Union ships strung out behind her, "on account of her submerging qualities and
little draft of water, as in case of obstructions or torpedoes, she could, by pumping out, evade them and give warning of
the danger to the rest of the fleet." Just eight miles below the glittering prize, the squadron ran into a double barrier
of "spiles, steamboats, and sail vessels" blocking the James River and guarded by a strong battery on Drewry's Bluff, supported
by sharp-eyed marksmen in well-dug rifle pits.
The four-hour long duel between naval and shore guns was a waste of gunpowder as far as
the attackers were concerned, for victory was not possible without the support of Union soldiers ashore. When the USRM
Naugatuck's Parrott gun exploded, "she continued in her position during the entire action, fighting her broadside guns."
Although the first Union attack on Richmond had failed, Lieutenant Constable could modestly, but proudly, report: "My officers
and crew behaved to my entire satisfaction." After being repaired, the USRM Naugatuck passed the remainder of the war
guarding the approaches to New York City.
Countless other feats of the U.S. Revenue Marine, its cutters, and men occurred during the Civil War. These
related here serve only in lifting the veil of anonymity from this forgotten service and its contribution to final victory.
Interesting enough, one editor in 1864 not only recognized the value and potential of this unique organization, but also unknowingly
predicted both the motto -- Semper Paratus (Always Ready) -- and the name -- Coast Guard -- destined for it:
"Keeping always under steam and ever ready, in the event of extraordinary need, to render valuable service, the
cutters can be made to form a coast guard whose value it is impossible at the present time to estimate."
Source: By Truman Strobridge, uscg.mil
Recommended Reading:
U.S.
Coast Guard and Revenue Cutters, 1790-1935 (Hardcover). Description: From 250-foot Lake-class cruising cutters to 36-foot picket boats, more than 1,000
vessels are included in this the first complete and systematic listing of U.S. Revenue Service and Coast Guard vessels through
1935. Each entry gives dimensions, rig, propulsion, complement, service dates, and a brief service history. Based on a decade
of research by an author who has been collecting historic data for the USCG since 1984, the book offers a substantial amount
of new information along with many previously unpublished illustrations.
Recommended
Reading: Coast Guard (Hardcover). Description:
Written by an outstanding team of historians and officers, the definitive story of the U.S. Coast Guard is recorded for the
first time in this magnificently illustrated, large-format book published with the Foundation for Coast Guard History. Stories
of the "Coastie" experience as well as essays on history, lighthouses, search and rescue, aviation, the drug war, and the
war on terrorism all share one common focus: the highly trained and motivated people who make it all work.
Recommended
Reading: The Coast Guardsman's Manual. Description:
This manual sums up the Coast Guard better than any other book published, and it gives a glimpse into the oldest military
force in this nation’s history. Only the Coast Guard has been around since the days of Washington and Jefferson. The
Coast Guardsman's manual is a book about survival and the sailor life. It covers the Coast Guard’s history, terminology,
careers, objectives, duties, responsibilities, and jobs. Along with these subjects, this manual is a sailor’s survival
guide to being a “Coastie.” It also includes detailed and informative facts on how to survive in the sea, and
how to rescue, recover, and keep alive an injured civilian. The Coast Guard has changed in many ways in the past 200 plus
years and this manual describes these changes. Continued below...
For anyone
who has either been curious about, or has had family in, the Coast Guard, you shall not find a more complete guide to this
component of our armed forces. Whether at war or in times of peace, our Coast Guard shall forever be "SEMPER PARATUS" ----“Always
Ready.”
Recommended
Reading: The United States
Coast Guard: 1790 to the Present (Revised).
Description: The United States Coast Guard traces its origins to 1790, but was not officially named until 1915. At last there
is one definitive volume describing its history from inception to the present. The author, Thomas P. Ostrom, served in the
USCGR from 1961-69, and had basic and advanced training at the USCG Base, Alameda, California.
Continued below…
He served subsequently
in the Port Security Reserve Unit in Duluth,
Minnesota, and participated in monthly
and active duty assignments each summer, earning petty officer rank.
Recommended
Viewing: The Great Ships - The Coast Guard Ships (History Channel) (2005). Description: The United States Coast Guard has policed
the nation's waters since the 1790s. From the first official vessels of the U.S. Government to today's specialized lifesaving
craft, the ships of the Guard have played a vital role in maritime history. This in-depth program goes aboard some of the
many craft employed by the Coast Guard, from the small boats used for shoreline rescue operations to the deep-sea patrol ships
that form the vanguard in America's
war against drugs. Continued below…
See dramatic
footage of real-life search and rescue operations, and hear incredible stories of life-and-death missions from Coast Guard
sailors and officers. And trace the evolution of the Guards' ships from the earliest Revenue Cutters to the myriad vessels
of the modern force.
Recommended
Viewing: Coast Guard at War, Starring: Susan O'Connor Fraser Director: Tam O'Connor. Description: The U.S. Coast Guard took on a little-known,
but highly significant combat role in the Vietnam War. Trained for domestic life-saving and port protection, they were repurposed
into a fighting force and sent 10,000 miles from American shores. In Vietnam,
the Coast Guard proved an effective tool for every branch of the U.S. military, on water, land
and in the air. This program features the most dangerous untold stories of the USCG with rare footage and personal accounts
from Coast Guard veterans who were there.
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