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1860 U.S. Census of Blacks and African-Americans
US Black Population Total Number Percentages Totals African-American populations in United States
Blacks Year Slaves Statistics Census Bureau Slavery Slave Numbers Years Americans Figures NAACP Date Dates
African-American Population in the U.S.
The following shows the Black
and African-American population in the United States over several decades, based on U.S.
Census figures. (Numbers from years 1920 to 2000 are based on U.S. Census figures as given by the Time Almanac of 2005, p.
377) The World Factbook gives a 2006 figure of 12.9%. Controversy has surrounded the "accurate" population count of African-Americans
for decades. The NAACP believed it was intentionally undercounted to minimize the significance of the black population in
order to reduce their political power base. Prior to African-Americans receiving citizenship, they were referred to black,
people of color, Negro, etc.
Year |
Number |
% of total population |
Slaves |
% in slavery |
1790 |
757,208 |
19.3% (highest) |
697,681 |
92% |
1800 |
1,002,037 |
18.9% |
893,602 |
89% |
1810 |
1,377,808 |
19.0% |
1,191,362 |
86% |
1820 |
1,771,656 |
18.4% |
1,538,022 |
87% |
1830 |
2,328,642 |
18.1% |
2,009,043 |
86% |
1840 |
2,873,648 |
16.8% |
2,487,355 |
87% |
1850 |
3,638,808 |
15.7% |
3,204,287 |
88% |
1860 |
4,441,830 |
14.1% |
3,953,731 |
89% |
1870 |
4,880,009 |
12.7% |
- |
- |
1880 |
6,580,793 |
13.1% |
- |
- |
1890 |
7,488,788 |
11.9% |
- |
- |
1900 |
8,833,994 |
11.6% |
- |
- |
1910 |
9,827,763 |
10.7% |
- |
- |
1920 |
10.5 million |
9.9% |
- |
- |
1930 |
11.9 million |
9.7% (lowest) |
- |
- |
1940 |
12.9 million |
9.8% |
- |
- |
1950 |
15.0 million |
10.0% |
- |
- |
1960 |
18.9 million |
10.5% |
- |
- |
1970 |
22.6 million |
11.1% |
- |
- |
1980 |
26.5 million |
11.7% |
- |
- |
1990 |
30.0 million |
12.1% |
- |
- |
2000 |
36.6 million |
12.3% |
- |
- |
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Recommended Reading: The SLAVE
TRADE: THE STORY OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE: 1440 - 1870. Library Journal: Thomas concentrates on the economics,
social acceptance, and politics of the slave trade. The scope of the book is amazingly broad as the author covers virtually
every aspect of the subject from the early days of the 16th century when great commercial houses were set up throughout Europe to the 1713 Peace Treaty of Utrecht, which gave the British the right to import slaves into the
Spanish Indies. The account includes the anti-slavery patrols of the 19th century and the final decline and abolition in the
early 20th century. Continued below...
Through the skillful weaving of numerous official reports, financial documents, and firsthand accounts, Thomas explains
how slavery was socially acceptable and shows that people and governments everywhere were involved in it. This book is a comprehensive
study from African kings and Arab slave traders to the Europeans and Americans who bought and transported them to the New World. Despite the volatility
of the subject, the author remains emotionally detached in his writing, yet produces a highly readable, informative book.
A superb addition and highly recommended.
Recommended Reading: Inhuman
Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. Description: Winner of a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award, David Brion
Davis has long been recognized as the leading authority on slavery in the Western World. Now, in Inhuman Bondage, Davis sums up a lifetime of insight in this definitive account of New World
slavery. The heart of the book looks at slavery in the American South, describing black slaveholding planters, rise of the
Cotton Kingdom,
daily life of ordinary slaves, highly destructive slave trade, sexual exploitation of slaves, emergence of an African-American
culture, abolition, abolitionists, antislavery movements, and much more. Continued below…
But though
centered on the United States, the book offers a global perspective spanning four continents. It
is the only study of American slavery that reaches back to ancient foundations and also traces the long evolution of anti-black
racism in European thought. Equally important, it combines the subjects of slavery and abolitionism as very few books do,
and it connects the actual life of slaves with the crucial place of slavery in American politics, stressing that slavery was
integral to America's success as a nation--not
a marginal enterprise. This is the definitive history by a writer deeply immersed in the subject. Inhuman Bondage offers a
compelling portrait of the dark side of the American dream.
Recommended Viewing: Slavery and the Making of America
(240 minutes), Starring: Morgan Freeman; Director: William R. Grant. Description: Acclaimed actor Morgan Freeman narrates this compelling documentary, which features a score by Michael
Whalen. Underscoring how slavery impacted the growth of this country's Southern and Northern states; the series examines issues
still relevant today. The variety of cultures from which the slaves originated provided the budding states with a multitude
of skills that had a dramatic effect on the diverse communities. From joining the British in the Revolutionary War, to fleeing
to Canada, to joining rebel communities in the U.S. the slaves sought freedom in many ways, ultimately having a far-reaching effect
on the new hemisphere they were forced to inhabit. AWARDED 5 STARS by americancivilwarhistory.org
Recommended Reading: Uncle Tom's Cabin (Wordsworth Classics), by Harriet Beecher Stowe (Author). Description:
Edited and with an Introduction and Notes by Dr Keith Carabine, University of Kent at Canterbury. Uncle Tom's
Cabin is the most popular, influential and controversial book written by an American. Stowe's rich, panoramic novel passionately
dramatizes why the whole of America is
implicated in and responsible for the sin of slavery, and resoundingly concludes that only 'repentance, justice and mercy'
will prevent the onset of 'the wrath of Almighty God!'.
Recommended Reading: African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame. Description:
The story of the Atlantic slave trade has largely been filtered through the records of white Europeans, but in this watershed
book, Anne C. Bailey focuses on memories of the trade from the African perspective. African chiefs and other elders in an
area of southeastern Ghana once famously
called "the Old Slave Coast" share stories that reveal that Africans were both traders and victims of the trade. Though Africans
were not equal partners with Europeans, their involvement had devastating consequences on their history and sense of identity.
Continued below…
Like trauma victims, many African societies experience a fragmented view of their past
that partially explains the silence and shame around the slave trade. Capturing astonishing oral histories that were handed
down through generations of storytellers, Bailey breaks this deafening silence and explores the delicate nature of historical
memory in this rare, unprecedented book.
Recommended Reading: The Slave
Ship: A Human History. From Publishers Weekly: Starred Review. In this groundbreaking work, historian
and scholar Rediker considers the relationships between the slave ship captain and his crew, between the sailors and the slaves,
and among the captives themselves as they endured the violent, terror-filled and often deadly journey between the coasts of
Africa and America. While he makes fresh use of those who left their mark in written records (Olaudah Equiano, James Field
Stanfield, John Newton), Rediker is remarkably attentive to the experiences of the enslaved women, from whom we have no written
accounts, and of the common seaman, who he says was a victim of the slave trade... and a victimizer. Continued below...
Regarding these vessels as a strange and potent combination of war machine, mobile prison, and factory, Rediker expands
the scholarship on how the ships not only delivered millions of people to slavery, [but] prepared them for it. He engages
readers in maritime detail (how ships were made, how crews were fed) and renders the archival (letters, logs and legal hearings)
accessible. Painful as this powerful book often is, Rediker does not lose sight of the humanity of even the most egregious
participants, from African traders to English merchants. Highly Recommended.
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