When Dr. W. T. Delaney pulled out the state pension forms and began officially questioning the individual, he uncovered an incredible story that had been the stuff of campfire legends since the war had ended – a story that would forever earn the man in front of him a place in American military history.

James Keelan was born in 1818 in Pittsylvania County, Va. His parents were descended from Scots-Irish immigrants and sustained themselves through farming the rich lands of the region. They eventually migrated into upper East Tennessee and James Keelan helped his family on the farm never receiving any formal education. Like most boys in Tennessee, he grew up hunting and fishing in the region and was regarded as one of the best at it. He was also a first-rate farm hand and scratched out an existence in East Tennessee.

When the War Between the States began and Tennessee voted to secede from the Union, 43-year-old Keelan enlisted in the Will Thomas Legion as a Private. The Will Thomas Legion was unique in that it was made up of mostly Cherokee and mountaineers. They were regarded as one of the Confederacy’s better units and fought hard in the Virginia campaigns before being called back to East Tennessee. The Confederacy knew that they had to occupy valuable roads and passes such as the Cumberland Gap.

The Confederate occupation of the region, however, led to pro-Union William B. Carter coming up with a plan he thought would give the region back to the Federals. His plan was for the Union to mass a large body of soldiers on the Tennessee-Kentucky border ready to invade East Tennessee. While they were gathering, he and a handful of men would slip into Confederate-held East Tennessee and start disrupting communications and burning nine major railway bridges in the region. From Bridgeport to Bristol, Carter planned to down the bridges along with the telegraph lines while the Union Army, capitalizing on the confusion, swept through Cumberland Gap and retook the region from the Confederacy. Carter would then rally pro-Union East Tennesseans, who would join the invading force.

The plan was presented to President Lincoln, who approved it and a date of Nov. 8, 1861 was selected by Union Generals William Sherman and George Thomas, who would actually lead the invasion. While Thomas was a big believer in Carter’s plan, Sherman didn’t like it and thought too much could go wrong. On Oct. 19, Carter left the Federal camp to enter East Tennessee and start recruiting saboteurs for the task. The Confederates were aware that something was going on near Cumberland Gap and intelligence reports were disconcerting. While Thomas’ men were still gathering, Confederate General Felix Zollicoffer unexpectedly advanced through Cumberland Gap towards London, KY with a small army. The move forced Thomas to start the campaign early, which resulted in a vicious battle near Wild Cat that forced the Confederacy to withdraw. The surprising military action by Zollicoffer shook up Sherman and forced him to order Thomas to halt his invasion into East Tennessee. It was too late to stop Carter and his saboteurs, who had already recruited men for the mission.

As expected, the saboteurs successfully struck as planned on Nov. 8. The Unionists destroyed five railroad bridges – two on the East Tennessee and Virginia road, one on the East Tennessee and Georgia road, and two on the Western Atlantic road. One of the main targets left for Carter’s men was the Strawberry Plains Bridge, which spanned the Holston River above Knoxville and was being guarded by the Will Thomas Legion. On guard that night was 43-year-old Private James Keelan, who was doing his best to fight the November chill the wind carried off of the river. Around 10 p.m., he heard a rider approaching and assumed his post to qualify the man. Keelan quickly identified him as local Private, William W. Stringfield, who was on leave from the Confederacy’s First Tennessee Cavalry. Stringfield stopped for a moment and talked to Keelan. The two men exchanged pleasantries and he rode on to his home where he longed for a warm fire and his own bed. Keelan watched him go and climbed down to his post below the railroad bridge. The position was stationed behind some heavy timbers, which allowed him to see what was coming without being see. He nestled back against the wall and prepared for a long, sleepless night. Being an experienced woodsman, his mind knew which sounds to throw away and which were unusual to the night. The only unusual sound he expected this evening, as most others since he had guarded the bridge, was the deafening noise of a train passing overhead. Keelan was trying to warm himself when he heard a click of a horseshoe against stone. He stopped what he was doing and strained his ears for the sound in the darkness. He knew that the pitch-black night would amplify not only sounds, but his imagination and he stayed still to see if his mind was trying to play tricks on him. Through the darkness, Keelan made out the sound of approaching boot steps. He listened and surmised it was a group of men and, judging by the sound of the approaching steps, figured their number was close to a dozen.

Unknown to the solitary sentry, William C. Pickens and nine other men had been recruited from Sevier County by Carter to burn the Strawberry Plains Bridge. They crept along slowly towards the railroad bridge. If they were caught, they knew what would happen. Bridge-burners were hated on both sides of the war and those caught, especially in civilian clothes, would be hanged with little questions asked. They had heard the Will Thomas Legion was guarding the structure, but had not seen anyone on or near it and figured they had the element of surprise. While seven men stood as lookouts, Pickens and another man named Montgomery started making their way to its most vulnerable point.
Keelan felt the first knots of fear, but remained where he was listening and peering into the darkness to try and make out the approaching men. His hand felt around the bunk for his rifle, but could not locate it. Instead, it fell upon his single-shot pistol and Keelan quietly eased the hammer back and waited. Pickens climbed up the pier and struck a match lighting pine splinters. He stretched forward to thrust them into the weatherboards on the bridge to ignite the dried wood that would start the destructive fire. As he reached to place it, Keelan aimed his pistol inches away from his chest and fired. Pickens, who was killed instantly, fell from his position onto the men below carrying the burning tinder with him. The other sentry posted on the far side was never heard from and bolted from his post because of the superior numbers. The private didn’t have time to think about it. He was used to relying on himself and, now that he had their attention, the private knew it was time to act.

Keelan fell back into his bunk as shots were fired at him from the cursing men. He again groped in the darkness for his rifle, but couldn’t find it. His hand found his Bowie knife and, with it and the butt of his spent pistol, Keelan moved away from his bunk and towards the attacking men, who were climbing the bridge and firing at him. As the men made his position, Keelan came under heavy attack. They slashed out at him with sabers and fired in his direction. As they moved on him, Keelan held up his left hand to fend off the blows and swung his knife in a wide arch cutting anything that was near him. It was brutal hand-to-hand combat and the blows were starting to have their effect on Keelan. One of the men suddenly swung a saber at his head. Keelan saw it coming, ducked, and heard the blade cut deep into the timber. It was all the advantage he needed. Keelan caught the man off balance and pulled him deep onto his blade. As he tossed the man from the bridge and saw the others coming at him, Keelan knew he was in a fight for his life and viciously attacked the oncoming force. Twice he drove them back and twice they moved again cursing him– angered that one man could be so hard to kill. Those knocked from the bridge regained their rifles and shouted at the remaining men to back off so they could shoot "the damned rebel". Shots smashed into the timbers above his head and three tore into Keelan’s flesh. Now badly hurt and tasting blood, Keelan leapt at his oncoming attackers’ berserk with fury and swinging his knife. It found home on two attackers who yelped in pain and fell from the bridge.

The men suddenly realized that lights were burning at the Stringfield residence and knew it wouldn’t be long before Confederate reinforcements arrived. They tried to gather those wounded they could and fled into the darkness. Keelan lay alone on the bridge bleeding badly and feeling weakness starting to overtake him. He also saw the lights at the nearby house and started dragging himself towards it to give what he thought would be his last report on his post. The years of hard labor and farming blessed him with a strong constitution and he managed to stay conscious. The Tennessean drug himself inch by inch off of the bridge and towards the lights. He kept an incredible presence of mind and, thinking that he was dying, didn’t stop at the Stringfield residence for fear of alarming the women inside. Instead, he pulled himself past it to the Elmore residence. He found the gate and leaned against it where he started calling for help from inside.

When William Elmore, unaware of what had just occurred, reached Keelan, he couldn’t believe he was still alive and thought the worst.
"Jim," said Elmore, "you’ve been drunk or asleep and let the train run over you."
"No Billy," was Keelan’s reply. "They have killed me, but I saved the bridge."
Elmore and Stringfield awakened Dr. Sneed, who was the closest doctor to come and tend the Keelan’s wounds. The dedicated physician worked throughout the night to save the Confederate. The doctor treated three severe saber cuts to Keelan’s scalp, a gunshot wound in the right hand, right arm, and an inoperable bullet in the left hip. Keelan’s left hand, however, was the worst. The doctor saw it was only hanging by a sliver of flesh and told him it was lost. He offered to remove it and stitch the stump. Keelan told him to just stitch the wound as he could rest his rifle against the stump. The next morning Confederate investigators went to the scene of the gruesome fight. There they found the bodies of three men. One was shot and two others slashed to death. From what they could tell from the evidence, blood, and horse hooves, another six or seven had gotten away badly cut and injured. After Keelan’s wounds healed, he rejoined the Will Thomas Legion and, with one hand, fought to the end of the War Between the States being discharged in Bristol, Tenn.

For the next thirty years, Keelan scratched out an existence working odd jobs, cutting wood, and farming while he was able. The 76-year-old man had reached a point where he could no longer perform the tasks where he could make a living and now was forced to take what he considered "charity" from the state.

Dr. W. T. Delaney continued filling out the form as the old man recanted the battle where he had sustained his wounds all those years ago. He asked the final questions on the form to Keelan:
"How did you get out of the Army?"
"I was discharged," replied Keelan.
"Did you take the oath of allegiance to the United States Government?"
"Yes."
"If so, when and under what circumstances?"
"A short time after the war closed at Bristol, Tenn., under compulsion," was Keelan’s reply.
Delaney then asked Alfred Taylor and C. C. Frasier if they could verify this account and they both nodded yes. The doctor pushed the form across the desk where Keelan made his "X" under the date of the petition.
The next week a Bristol Law Court Deputy Clerk named Brewer accepted the application and pulled out another form for Taylor and Frasier to sign onto verifying Keelan’s service in the Confederate Army. At the bottom of the form the Deputy Clerk, who had known Keelan throughout his life, wrote:
"He was a brave and good soldier and the act performed by him, at the time he received the wound mentioned in his deposition, was one of the most heroic acts performed by any one during the late civil war..."

Keelan’s application was approved and the small pension kept him from suffering the disgrace of having to enter the poorhouse. On Feb. 12, 1895, a year after his remarkable story had been made public, James Keelan passed away in Bristol. Those who knew him lay their beloved friend and hero in Bristol’s East Ridge Cemetery. On the headstone erected at his grave, they carved a Confederate battleflag with the words. "James Keelan, Defender of the Bridge – The South’s Horatius."

On Aug. 20, 1994, James Keelan became the 40th Confederate soldier to receive the Confederate Medal of Honor. He would be one of six Tennesseans to be posthumously awarded the medal. It is on permanent display at Confederate Memorial Hall in Knoxville, which is managed by the local chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy.

Keelan’s service that night in Strawberry Plains forever earned him the title Horatius of the South among soldiers of the Will Thomas Legion and those who knew of him. According to accounts by ancient Roman historians Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Horatius Cocles (translated as meaning "one-eyed") was a member of the Roman militia in 494 BC guarding the Sublician Bridge over the Tiber River when the Etruscan invader Lars Porsena seized a Roman position and started a charge towards his position. The Roman Army broke under the pressure and fled across the bridge leaving Horatius by himself to face the advancing Etruscans. Horatius managed to stop some of the more seasoned soldiers and with, an impassioned speech telling them sure disaster would follow if they deserted their post, he inspired the small Roman unit to start tearing down the bridge while he tried to hold off the Etruscans. The people thought he was insane, but the soldiers went to work while Horatius walked towards the enemy. Seeing the single soldier, the Etruscans pulled up short of the bridge thinking the Romans had laid a trap. Horatius walked along the bridge cursing the invaders and challenging the soldiers to single combat. He defeated everyone sent against him and created such a fury among the Etruscan command that they slung spears, rocks, and other missiles towards him, which he repelled with his shield. Badly wounded and bleeding, his Roman compatriots yelled and Horatius noticed they were fleeing from the bridge. When the Etruscans pushed towards the bridge, the injured Horatius leapt into the Tiber River in full armor. As the bridge began its collapse, everyone on both sides of the river watched and waited to see if he would perish in the raging waters. Horatius broke the water, however, and swam to the Roman shore eliciting cheers as much from the enemy warriors as his own soldiers. It is said during the battle he lost his eye and, thus, earned his name. He was one of Rome’s most celebrated heroes and a statue was erected near the bridge to commemorate the action. His name became synonymous with individual courage under fire. Keelan is the only known individual in American history to have ever earned such an accolade.

Following his actions on the bridge and subsequent medical attention, it is said that the Stringfield ladies wrapped his severed hand and buried it in Jefferson County – although the site has never been found. The place where the action took place can still be seen in Strawberry Plains. Although much heavier battle action would later occur in Knoxville and nearby Grainger County, the incident at the Strawberry Plains Railroad Bridge would become the most famous action in the region that occurred during the War Between the States. Gen. Felix Zollicoffer’s check of the Union forces at Cumberland Gap was successful, but cost the general his life in a nearby skirmish. It would be two years before the Union forces took East Tennessee.

Recommended Reading: Bridge Burners: A True Adventure of East Tennessee Underground Civil War. Description: When the East Tennessee and Virginia Railway line was completed, dignitaries gathered in celebration as the final spike was hammered into the last tie in Greene County. Opening new doors of growth and economic development in the Region, the railroad would become a point of conflict only three years later. When the Civil War began, the line became a vital link in transporting Confederate troops and supplies into Virginia. Continued below...

The railroad was vulnerable since many hostile Unionists remained in the region. Confederate authorities were understandably worried about the rail lines and how to protect them. Inevitably the stage was set and on a cold Friday night, November 8, 1861, the Unionists proceeded with plans to burn the key railroad bridges of East Tennessee; President Abraham Lincoln had approved the plan. This thoroughly researched, easy-to-read narrative tells the incredible true story of the people and events in the ‘insurrection gone wrong’.

 

East Tennessee

Recommended Reading: Mountain Rebels: East Tennessee Confederates and the Civil War, 1860-1870 (240 pages) (University of Tennessee Press). Description: In this fine study, Groce points out that the Confederates in East Tennessee suffered more for the ‘Southern Cause’ than did most other southerners. From the first rumblings of secession to the redemption of Tennessee in 1870, Groce introduces his readers to numerous men and women from this region who gave their all for Southern Independence. He also points out that East Tennesseans were divided in their loyalties and that slavery played only a small role. Groce goes too great lengths to expose the vile treatment of the Region’s defeated Confederates during the Reconstruction. Numerous maps, pictures, and tables underscore the research.

 

Recommended Reading: Valor in Gray: The Recipients of the Confederate Medal of Honor. Description: Gregg Clemmer writes in detail about the events that occurred that caused these men to be remembered. He has spent countless hours researching the character of each recipient and their heroic-selfless actions. Whether a descendant of the North or the South, this book will make you feel the emotion that drove these men to risk their lives for their values and beliefs. Each chapter is devoted to a separate Confederate Medal of Honor recipient. Valor in Gray is destined to be one of the best books on Civil War history. 

 

Recommended Reading: Confederate Industry: Manufacturers And Quartermasters in the Civil War (412 pages) (University Press of Mississippi: September 2005). Description: For those with an interest in the Civil War, this book gives new insight into the efforts of the Confederacy to keep its armies in the field during four years of Union onslaughts. Harold Wilson, an English professor at Old Dominion University, looks largely at the textile industry but also focuses on armaments and other production. Continued below...

On April 12, 1862 -- one year to the day after Confederate guns opened on Fort Sumter -- a tall, mysterious smuggler and self-appointed Union spy named James J. Andrews and nineteen infantry volunteers infiltrated north Georgia and stole a steam engine referred to as  the General. Racing northward at speeds approaching sixty miles an hour, cutting telegraph lines and destroying track along the way, Andrews planned to open East Tennessee to the Union army, cutting off men and materiel from the Confederate forces in Virginia. If they succeeded, Andrews and his raiders could change the course of the war. But the General’s young conductor, William A. Fuller, chased the stolen train first on foot, then by handcar, and finally aboard another engine, the Texas. He pursued the General until, running out of wood and water, Andrews and his men abandoned the doomed locomotive, ending the adventure that would soon be famous as The Great Locomotive Chase, but not the ordeal of the soldiers involved. In the days that followed, the "engine thieves" were hunted down and captured. Eight were tried and executed as spies, including Andrews. Eight others made a daring escape to freedom, including two assisted by a network of slaves and Union sympathizers. For their actions, before a personal audience with President Abraham Lincoln, six of the raiders became the first men in American history to be awarded the Medal of Honor -- the nation's highest decoration for gallantry. Americans north and south, both at the time and ever since, have been astounded and fascinated by this daring raid. Until now, there has not been a complete history of the entire episode and the fates of all those involved. Based on eyewitness accounts, as well as correspondence, diaries, military records, newspaper reports, deposition testimony and other primary sources, Stealing the General: The Great Locomotive Chase and the First Medal of Honor by Russell S. Bonds is a blend of meticulous research and compelling narrative that is destined to become the definitive history of "the boldest adventure of the war."

 

Recommended Reading: Let Us Die Like Brave Men: Behind The Dying Words Of Confederate Warriors (Hardcover). Description: This book offers over 50 dramatic, bittersweet accounts of the last moments and words of Southern soldiers (some famous, others virtually unknown) from the rank of general to private. Photographs of the soldiers, their graves, or the places where they fell illustrate the text. Each story was chosen to highlight a different aspect of the war, and every state of the Confederacy is represented by soldiers whose poignant stories are told here. Continued below…

About the Author: Daniel W. Barefoot is the author of 9 previous books, including General Robert F. Hoke: Lee's Modest Warrior. He is a former N.C. state representative who lives in Lincolnton, North Carolina.