|
|
| List of Civil War Firearms and Small Arms |
|
| List of Civil War weapons most widely used by both armies |
|
List of Civil War Battles by Union and Confederate Names |
| Date |
Southern name |
Northern name |
|
July 21, 1861 |
First Manassas |
First Bull Run |
|
August 10, 1861 |
Oak Hills |
Wilson's Creek |
|
October 21, 1861 |
Leesburg |
Ball's Bluff |
|
January 19, 1862 |
Mill Spring |
Logan's Cross Roads |
|
March 7–8, 1862 |
Elkhorn Tavern |
Pea Ridge |
|
April 6–7, 1862 |
Shiloh |
Pittsburg Landing |
|
May 31 – June 1, 1862 |
Seven Pines |
Fair Oaks |
|
June 26, 1862 |
Mechanicsville |
Battle of Beaver Dam Creek |
|
June 27, 1862 |
Gaines's Mill |
Chickahominy River |
|
August 29–30, 1862 |
Second Manassas |
Second Bull Run |
|
September 1, 1862 |
Ox Hill |
Chantilly |
|
September 14, 1862 |
Boonsboro |
South Mountain |
|
September 14, 1862 |
Burkittsville |
Crampton's Gap |
|
September 17, 1862 |
Sharpsburg |
Antietam |
|
October 8, 1862 |
Perryville |
Chaplin Hills |
|
December 31, 1862 –
January 2, 1863 |
Murfreesboro |
Stones River |
|
April 8, 1864 |
Mansfield |
Sabine Cross Roads |
|
September 19, 1864 |
Winchester |
Opequon |
List of Major Civil War Battles
List of Notable American Families Representing the Confederacy and
the Union
(aka List of Famous Civil War People)
PRESIDENT LINCOLN, the Commander-In-Chief of the Union Army, had
four brothers-in-law in the Confederate Army, and three of his sisters-in-law were married to Confederate officers.
JEFFERSON DAVIS, Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate Army, served
the U.S. Army as a colonel during the Mexican War and held the post of Secretary of War in President Pierce's cabinet. Previously,
as a senior United States Senator, he had been Chairman of the Senate Military Affairs Committee. Lincoln and Davis were born
in Kentucky, the only state that has ever had two of its sons serve as President at the same time.
JOHN TYLER, 10th President of the United States, was elected to the Confederate States
Congress in 1862, but died before it convened. On March 4, 1861, Tyler's granddaughter unfurled the first flag of the Confederacy
when it was raised over the Confederate Capitol at Montgomery, Alabama.
The Battle of Lynchburg, Virginia, in June 1864 brought together two future Presidents
of the United States—General RUTHERFORD B. HAYES and Major WILLIAM McKINLEY, U.S.A.—and a former Vice-President—General
JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE, C.S.A. Five other Union generals later rose to the Presidency: ANDREW JOHNSON, U.S. GRANT, JAMES A.
GARFIELD, CHESTER A. ARTHUR, and BENJAMIN HARRISON.
The four Secretaries of War during the eleven years prior to the Civil War were all
from the South. All four later held office in the Confederate government.
Fourteen of the 26 Confederate Senators had previously served in the United States
Congress. In the Confederate House of Representatives, 33 members were former U.S. Congressmen.
Confederate Generals ROBERT E. LEE and P.G.T. BEAUREGARD both ranked second in their
graduating classes at West Point, and both officers later returned to hold the position of Superintendent of the Academy.
Lee's appointment to the rank of full colonel in the United States Army was signed by President Lincoln.
In 1859 WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN was appointed the first president of what is today
the Louisiana State University. Although his chief claim to fame was the destructive "March to the Sea", a portrait of the
Union general occupies a prominent place in the Memorial Tower of this Southern university.
Over one-fourth of the West Point graduates who fought during the Civil War were
in the Confederate Army. Half of the 304 who served in Gray were on active duty in the United States Army when war broke out.
Of the total number of West Pointers who went South, 148 were promoted to the rank of general officer. In all, 313 of the
1,098 officers in the United States Army joined the Confederacy.
| List of Civil War comparisons between North & South |
|
| List of Comparisons between Union and Confederate states |
(Above) List of Civil War Era Comparisons between the North
and South
One fourth of the officers in the United States Navy resigned to cast their
lot with the Confederate Navy. Of the 322 who resigned, 243 were line officers.
When J.E.B. STUART raided Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in 1862, he was pursued
by Federal cavalry under the command of his father-in-law, Brig. Gen. PHILIP ST. GEORGE COOKE, whose name is frequently confused
with that of Confederate General PHILIP ST. GEORGE COCKE, both West Pointers. As if that weren't bad enough, there was a Union
general by the name of JEFFERSON DAVIS.
WILLIAM T. MAGRUDER (U.S.M.A. 1850) commanded a squadron of the 1st United
States Cavalry at First Manassas and during the Peninsula Campaign. In August 1862 he was granted leave of absence, and two
months later he switched loyalties to join the Confederate Army. On July 3, 1863, he fell during the famous charge at Gettysburg.
The Virginia Military Institute graduated WILLIAM H. GILLESPIE in the special
war class of 1862. While awaiting his appointment as an officer on "Stonewall" Jackson's staff, he deserted to the Union Army
and became Adjutant of the 14th West Virginia Cavalry.
If Blue and Gray didn't meet again at Gettysburg during the annual reunions,
they at least met on the banks of the Nile. No less than 50 former Union and Confederate officers held the rank of colonel
or above in the Army of the Khedive during the 1870's. Two ex-Confederate generals and three former Union officers attained
the rank of general in the Egyptian Army, holding such positions as Chief of Staff, Chief of Engineers, and Chief Ordnance
Officer.
Only three Confederates ever held the rank of general in the United States
Army following the Civil War—MATTHEW C. BUTLER, FITZHUGH LEE, and JOE WHEELER. Lee and Wheeler, though they served as
generals in the Confederate Army as well as in the United States Army during the Spanish American War, both graduated at the
bottom of their West Point classes. When Lee and Wheeler were promoted to major general in 1901, their commissions were signed
by a former Yankee officer—President William McKinley.
General GEORGE PICKETT, a native Virginian, was appointed to the United States
Military Academy from the State of Illinois. John Todd Stuart obtained the appointment at the request of his law partner,
Abraham Lincoln.
The senior general in the Confederate Army, SAMUEL COOPER, hailed from New
York. Before the war, he had been Adjutant General of the United States Army. From 1861 to 1865 he was the Adjutant and Inspector
General of the Confederate Army.
Fort Sumter was surrendered in 1861 by a Kentucky-born Union officer, Major
ROBERT ANDERSON. Confederate General JOHN C. PEMBERTON, a Pennsylvanian by birth, surrendered Vicksburg in 1863. There was
no collusion in either surrender; both men were loyal supporters of their respective causes.
The first Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy, Commodore FRANKLIN
BUCHANAN, commanded the C.S.S. Virginia (Merrimac) in its first engagement. On the first ship to surrender under
the Virginia's guns was Buchanan's brother, an officer of the U.S. Navy.
Major CLIFTON PRENTISS of the 6th Maryland Infantry (Union) and his
younger brother WILLIAM, of the 2nd Maryland Infantry (Confederate), were both mortally wounded when their regiments clashed
at Petersburg on April 2, 1865—just seven days before hostilities ceased. Both were removed from the battlefield and
after a separation of four years, they were taken to the same hospital in Washington. Each fought and each died for his cause.
| Order of Secession of Southern States List |
|
| (Map) Order that Southern states seceded and were subsequently readmitted into the Union |
(Above) List of States that
Seceded from the Union, as well as the Dates that Each State was Readmitted into the Union. During the Civil War, western
Virginia seceded (broke) from Virginia, and formed the State of West Virginia. Nevada, previously the Territory of Nevada
(aka Nevada Territory), was the second state born during the Civil War. The last shall be first. While the State
of Nevada was formed late and last during the Civil War, it was the wealthiest per capita State in the Union, contributing
$400,000,000 in silver to the Union war effort.
List of Civil War Era Americans with Interesting Facts
(aka List of Notable Civil War Persons)
Poet SIDNEY LANIER fought as a private in the 2nd Georgia Battalion during
the Seven Days' Battles near Richmond. In November 1862 he was captured on a Confederate blockade-runner and imprisoned at
Point Lookout, Maryland. Sixteen years after the war he died from tuberculosis contracted while in prison.
New England poet ALBERT PIKE commanded the Confederate Department of Indian
Territory. He wrote the stanzas of the popular Southern version of Dixie, a tune which originated not in the South,
but in New York City during the 1850's.
At the battle of the Monocacy in 1864 Union General LEW WALLACE, author of
Ben-Hur, commanded the force defending Washington against General Jubal Early's attack. After the war he served as
Governor of New Mexico and Minister to Turkey.
When the Marion Rangers organized in 1861, SAMUEL CLEMENS (Mark Twain) joined
as a lieutenant, but he left this Missouri Company before it was mustered into Confederate service, having fired only one
hostile shot during the war.
Confederate Private HENRY MORTON STANLEY, of "Doctor Livingstone, I presume"
fame, survived a bloody charge at Shiloh only to be taken prisoner. Later he joined the Union ranks and finished the war in
Yankee blue.
ANDREW CARNEGIE was a young man in his mid-twenties when he left his position
as superintendent of the Pittsburgh Division, Pennsylvania Railroad to pitch in with workers rebuilding the rail line from
Annapolis to Washington. Later in 1861 he was given the position of superintendent of military railways and government telegraph.
HENRY A. DUPONT, grandson of the DuPont industries founder, was awarded
the Congressional Medal of Honor for gallantry at the battle of Cedar Creek in October 1864. Captain DuPont, who had graduated
from West Point at the head of his class in 1861, went on to serve as United States Senator from Delaware.
ELIAS HOWE presented each field and staff officer of the 5th Massachusetts
Regiment with a stallion fully equipped for service. Later, he volunteered as a private, and when the State failed to pay
his unit, he met the regimental payroll with his own money.
At the age of 15 GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE ran away from home and joined the Union
Army. Neither he nor Elias Howe rose to officer rank, but both are today in the Hall of Fame for their achievements—the
air brake and the sewing machine.
| Formation of the Civil War Regiment |
|
| List of Soldiers that Formed the Infantry Regiment. Fox, William F. |
In 1861 CORNELIUS VANDERBILT presented a high-speed side-wheel steamer to
the United States Navy. At the time, there were less than 50 ships in active naval service. The cruiser, named the Vanderbilt,
captured three blockade-runners during the war and in 1865 participated in the bombardment and amphibious assault on Fort
Fisher. The Federal Navy at that time had grown to a fleet of more than 550 steam-powered ships.
Admiral GEORGE DEWEY, of Manila Bay fame, served as a young lieutenant under
Admiral Farragut during the attack on Port Hudson in 1863. His ship was the only one lost in the engagement.
Colonel CHRISTOPHER C. ("Kit") CARSON commanded the 1st New Mexico Volunteers
(Union), and campaigned against the Comanche, Navajo, and Apache Indians during the Civil War. In 1866 he was promoted to
brigadier general.
In his mid-teens JESSE JAMES joined the Confederate raiders led by William
Quantrill. The famous "Dead or alive" reward for Jesse in 1882 was issued by an ex-Confederate officer, Governor Thomas T.
Crittenden of Missouri.
List of Civil War Battles by Year
Of the 2.3 million men enlisted in the Union Army, seventy percent were under
23 years of age. Approximately 100,000 were 16 and an equal number 15. Three hundred lads were 13 or less, and the records
show that there were 25 no older than 10 years.
The average infantry regiment of 10 companies consisted of 30 line officers
and 1300 men. However, by the time a new regiment reached the battlefield, it would often have less than 800 men available
for combat duty. Sickness and details as cooks, teamsters, servants, and clerks accounted for the greatly reduced numbers.
Actually, in many of the large battles the regimental fighting strength averaged no more than 480 men.
In 1864 the basic daily ration for a Union soldier was (in ounces): 20—beef,
18—flour, 2.56—dry beans, 1.6—green coffee, 2.4—sugar, .64—salt, and smaller amounts of pepper,
yeast powder, soap, candles, and vinegar. While campaigning, soldiers seldom obtained their full ration and many had to forage
for subsistence.
In the Army of Northern Virginia in 1863 the rations available for every 100
Confederate soldiers over a 30-day period consisted of 1/4 lb. of bacon, 18 oz. of flour, 10 lbs. of rice, and a small amount
of peas and dried fruit—when they could be obtained. (It is little wonder that Lee elected to carry the war into Pennsylvania—if
for no other reason than to obtain food for an undernourished army.)
During the Shenandoah Valley campaign of 1862 "Stonewall" Jackson marched
his force of 16,000 men more than 600 miles in 35 days. Five major battles were fought and four separate Union armies, totaling
63,000, were defeated.
In June 1864, the U.S.S. Kearsarge sank the C.S.S. Alabama
in a fierce engagement in the English Channel off Cherbourg, France. Frenchmen gathered along the beach to witness the hour-long
duel, which inspired a young French artist, Edouard Manet, to paint the battle scene that now hangs in the Philadelphia Museum
of Art.
The Confederate cruiser Shenandoah sailed completely around the world
raiding Union commerce vessels and whalers. The ship and crew surrendered to British authorities at Liverpool in November
1865, seven months after Lee's surrender at Appomattox.
The greatest naval bombardment during the war was on Christmas Eve, 1864,
at Fort Fisher, North Carolina. Fifty-seven vessels, with a total of 670 guns, were engaged—the largest fleet ever assembled
by the U.S. Navy up to that time. The Army, Navy, and Marines combined in a joint operation to reduce and capture the fort.
In July, 1862 the first Negro troops of the Civil War were organized by General
David Hunter. Known as the 1st South Carolina Regiment, they were later designated the 33rd Regiment United States Colored
Troops. Some 186,000 Negro soldiers served in the Union Army, 4,300 of whom became battle casualties.
At the battle of Fredericksburg in 1862, the line of Confederate trenches
extended a distance of seven miles. The troop density in these defensive works was 11,000 per mile.
| The Unknown List |
|
| Because there were no dog tags during the Civil War, many dead soldiers were listed as "unknown" |
Over 900 guns and mortars bristled from the 68 forts defending the Nation's
Capital during the war. The fortifications, constructed by the Engineer Corps during the early part of the war, circled the
city on a 37-mile perimeter.
During Sherman's campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta, the Union Army of the
Tennessee, in a period of four months, constructed over 300 miles of rifle pits, fired 149,670 artillery rounds and 22,137,132
rounds of small-arms ammunition.
To fire a Civil War musket, eleven separate motions had to be made. The regulation
in the 1860's specified that a soldier should fire three aimed shots per minute, allowing 20 seconds per shot and less than
two seconds per motion.
At the battle of Stone's River, Tennessee, in January, 1863, the Federal infantry
in three days exhausted over 2,000,000 rounds of ammunition, and the artillery fired 20,307 rounds. The total weight of the
projectiles was in excess of 375,000 pounds.
At the Battle of First Bull Run or Manassas, it has been estimated that
between 8,000 and 10,000 bullets were fired for every man killed and wounded.
The campaign against Petersburg, the longest sustained operation of the war,
began in the summer of 1864 and lasted for 10 months, until the spring of '65. The fighting covered an area of more than 170
square miles, with 35 miles of trenches and fortifications stretching from Richmond to the southwest of Petersburg. During
September, 1864, nearly 175 field and siege guns poured forth a daily average of 7.8 tons of iron on the Confederate works.
The greatest cavalry battle in the history of the western hemisphere was fought
at Brandy Station, Virginia, on June 9, 1863. Nearly 20,000 cavalrymen were engaged for more than 12 hours. At the height
of the battle, along Fleetwood Hill, charges and countercharges were made continuously for almost three hours.
| Just days before President Lincoln's assassination |
|
| Sherman, Grant, Lincoln, and Porter aboard the River Queen on March 27th & March 28th, 1865. |
The greatest regimental loss of the entire war was borne by the 1st Maine
Heavy Artillery. The unit saw no action until 1864, but in the short span of less than one year, over half of its 2,202 men
engaged in battle were hit. In the assault on Petersburg in June, 1864, the regiment lost 604 men killed and wounded in less
than 20 minutes.
The largest regimental loss in a single battle was suffered by the 26th North
Carolina Infantry at Gettysburg. The regiment went into battle with a little over 800 men, and by the end of the third day,
708 were dead, wounded, or missing. In one company of 84, every officer and man was hit.
Of the 46 Confederate regiments that went into the famous charge at Gettysburg
on July 3, 1863, 15 were commanded by General Pickett. Thirteen of his regiments were led by Virginia Military Institute graduates;
only two of them survived the charge.
The heaviest numerical loss during any single battle was at Gettysburg, where
40,322 Americans were killed or wounded. On the Union side 21 percent of those engaged were killed or wounded, in the Confederate
ranks 30 percent—the largest percentage of Confederates hit in any battle. The largest percentage of Union soldiers
hit in battle was at Port Hudson in May 1863, where 26.7 percent of those engaged were killed or wounded.
During May and June 1864 the Armies of the Potomac and the James lost 77,452
men—a greater number than Lee had in his entire army.
Union Army hospitals treated over 6 million cases during the war. There
were twice as many deaths from disease as from hostile bullets. Diarrhea and dysentery alone took the lives of 44,558 Union
soldiers.
From 1861-1865 the Quartermaster Corps of the Union Army made 116,148 burials.
In the 79 National Civil War cemeteries, 54 percent of the graves are those
of unknown soldiers. The largest Civil War cemetery is at Vicksburg, where 16,000 soldiers rest; only 3,896 are known. At
the Confederate prison site in Salisbury, North Carolina, where 12,126 Union soldiers are buried, 99 percent are unknown.
Civil War casualties were
defined as soldiers who were unaccounted for or unavailable for service. Casualties included killed in action, mortally
wounded, wounded, missing, died of disease, died as a prisoner-of-war, died of causes other than battle, captured, and deserted.
On the other hand, fatalities only included soldiers who were killed in action, mortally wounded, and died of disease or
from other causes. Civil War statisticians had a strict application of the words, killed, died, dead, and deaths. Furthermore, casualties
included fatalities, while fatalities did not include all casualties. Casualty has been, by many, erroneously interchanged
with fatality. See also Total
Civil War killed and dead by category for each Union and Confederate state.
The primary cause
of battle deaths and wounds was from the firearm known as the small arm. Although one in four Civil War soldiers never returned
home, one in thirteen soldiers became an amputee. Even though amputation was the wounded soldier's best friend, one in
four amputees died principally as a result of gangrene. While gangrene was the number one cause of death for amputees, amputation
was, nevertheless, the wounded soldier's principal means of survival. Amputation had to be performed quickly, however, within
48 hours, to inhibit blood poisoning, bone infection, or gangrene. A soldier who had his forearm amputated had a survival
rate of 76%, while amputation at the hip joint witnessed a survival rate of merely 12%.
| List of Total Civil War Deaths, Killed, and Died |
|
| Fox, Union List of Total Civil War Dead by Category and Cause. Union |
|
North |
South[1] |
| Population |
22,400,000 |
9,103,000[2] |
| Military Age Group (18-45) |
4,600,000 |
985,000 |
| Trained Militia 1827-1861 |
2,470,000 |
692,000 |
| Regular Army January, 1861 |
16,400 |
0 |
| Military Potential 1861 |
2,486,400 |
692,000 |
| Total Individuals in Service 1861-1865 |
2,213,400 |
1,003,600 |
| Total Strength July, 1861 |
219,400 |
114,000 |
| Total Strength January, 1863 |
962,300 |
450,200 |
| Peak Strength 1864-1865 |
1,044,660 |
484,800 |
| Army |
980,100 |
481,200 |
| Navy |
60,700 |
3,000 |
| Marines |
3,860 |
600 |
| Total Hit in Battle |
385,100 |
320,000 |
| Total Battle Deaths |
110,100 |
94,000 |
| Killed in Battle |
67,100 |
54,000 |
| Died of Wounds |
43,000 |
40,000 |
| Wounded (not mortally)[3] |
275,000 |
226,000 |
| Missing in Action |
6,750 |
—- |
| Captured[4] |
211,400 |
462,000 |
| Died in Prison |
30,200 |
26,000 |
| Died of Disease |
224,000 |
60,000 |
| Other Deaths |
34,800 |
—- |
| Desertions[5] |
199,000 |
83,400 |
| Discharged |
426,500 |
57,800 |
| Surrendered 1865 |
|
174,223 |
| List of Total Civil War Soldiers and Total Dead |
|
| List of Civil War Killed all causes by states, including Whites, Navy, Marines, Coloreds, Indians |
(Above) Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (1908).
Dyer, who spent forty years compiling statistics for every Union unit, remains the most cited Civil War statistician
with his exhaustive work still appreciated by many scholars, historians, and authors. At first glance Dyer's study
may give the impression of data and dates sandwiched between thick volumes, but it is actually a richly prepared history of
the units that served and fought during the conflict. Dyer also indicates comparative percentages, total killed by state,
cause of death, and grand total deaths. Dyer, like most statisticians of the war, only stated and applied the word killed
when the soldier was killed in action or mortally wounded. Total deaths, on the other hand, included killed in action, mortally
wounded, died of disease, died while in prison, deaths other than battle, or deaths from causes other than battle, and
often missing in action. The reader should therefore take note of the application of Total Civil War Killed and
Total Civil War Deaths. The majority of Civil War soldiers, Union and Confederate, died by disease,
making it the major cause of death during the four year conflict. Notice that Dyer also includes Native Americans, African
Americans, and Navy and Marines -- categories that were often ignored. The list represents the Union military only, with Dyer
and many others conceding that Confederate Military and Casualty
Totals for Each Southern State was more complex due to lack of records. Dyer and fellow statistician
Fox, William F. Regimental Losses in the American Civil War (1889), both have identical totals for each category. While the
numbers are the same, Fox, however, expands on some of the categories. For example, both statisticians indicate "Veteran
Volunteers, Total Deaths All Causes 106," but Fox adds a notation indicating that the losses were all from Hancock's
Corps.
List of Civil War Battles with Losses in Killed, Wounded, and Missing in
Actions, Etc.
| Civil War prisoner-of-war |
|
| List of soldiers who died as prisoners was exhaustive |
The following List of Civil War Battles with Losses in Killed, Wounded,
and Missing in Engagements, Etc., includes losses of five hundred or more on the side of the Union, while Confederate Losses
given are generally based on Estimates.
| Union Loss. |
Confederate Loss. |
| No. |
Date. |
Name. |
Killed |
Wounded |
Missing |
Total. |
Total. |
|
1861. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
July 21 |
Bull Run, Va. |
481 |
1,011 |
1,460 |
2,952 |
1,752 |
| 2 |
August 10 |
Wilson's Creek, Mo. |
223 |
721 |
291 |
1,235 |
1,095 |
| 3 |
September 12 to 20 |
Lexington, Mo. |
42 |
108 |
1,624 |
1,774 |
100 |
| 4 |
October 21 |
Ball's Bluff, Va. |
223 |
226 |
445 |
894 |
302 |
| 5 |
November 7 |
Belmont, Mo. |
90 |
173 |
235 |
498 |
966 |
|
1862. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 6 |
February 14 to 16 |
Fort Donelson, Tenn. |
446 |
1,735 |
150 |
2,331 |
15,067 |
| 7 |
March 6 to 8 |
Pea Ridge, Ark. |
203 |
972 |
174 |
1,349 |
5,200 |
| 8 |
March 14 |
New-Berne, N. C. |
91 |
466 |
— |
557 |
583 |
| 9 |
March 23 |
Winchester, Va. |
103 |
440 |
24 |
567 |
691 |
| 10 |
April 6 and 7 |
Shiloh, Tenn. |
1,735 |
7,882 |
3,956 |
13,573 |
10,699 |
| 11 |
May 5 |
Williamsburg, Va. |
456 |
1,400 |
372 |
2,228 |
1,000 |
| 12 |
May 23 |
Front Royal, Va. |
32 |
122 |
750 |
904 |
— |
| 13 |
May 25 |
Winchester, Va. |
38 |
155 |
711 |
904 |
— |
| 14 |
May 31 to June 1 |
Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, Va. |
890 |
3,627 |
1,222 |
5,739 |
7,997 |
| 15 |
June 8 |
Cross Keys, Va. |
125 |
500 |
— |
625 |
287 |
| 16 |
June 9 |
Fort Republic, Va. |
67 |
361 |
574 |
1,002 |
657 |
| 17 |
June 16 |
Secessionville, James Island, S. C. |
85 |
472 |
128 |
685 |
204 |
| 18 |
June 25 |
Oak Grove, Va. |
51 |
401 |
64 |
516 |
541 |
| 19 |
June 26 to July 1 |
Seven days' retreat; includes Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mills, Chickahominy,
Peach Orchard, Savage Station, Charles City Cross Roads, and Malvern Hill |
1,582 |
7,709 |
5,958 |
15,249 |
17,583 |
| 20 |
July 13 |
Murfreesboro', Tenn. |
33 |
62 |
800 |
895 |
150 |
| 21 |
August 8 |
Cedar Mountain, Va. |
450 |
660 |
290 |
1,400 |
1,307 |
| 22 |
July 20 to September 20 |
Guerrilla campaign in Missouri; includes Porter's and Poindexter's
Guerrillas |
77 |
156 |
347 |
580 |
2,866 |
| 23 |
August 28 and 29 |
Groveton and Gainesville, Va. |
— |
— |
— |
7,000 |
7,000 |
| 24 |
August 30 |
Bull Run, Va. (2d) |
800 |
4,000 |
3,000 |
7,800 |
3,700 |
| 25 |
August 30 |
Richmond Ky. |
200 |
700 |
4,000 |
4,900 |
750 |
| 26 |
September 1 |
Chantilly, Va. |
— |
— |
— |
1,300 |
800 |
| 27 |
September 12 to 15 |
Harper's Ferry, Va. |
80 |
120 |
11,583 |
11,783 |
500 |
| 28 |
September 14 |
Turner's and Crampton's Gaps, South Mountain, Md. |
443 |
1,806 |
76 |
2,325 |
4,343 |
| 29 |
September 14 to 16 |
Munfordsville Ky. |
50 |
— |
3,566 |
3,616 |
714 |
| 30 |
September 17 |
Antietam, Md. |
2,010 |
9,416 |
1,043 |
12,469 |
25,899 |
| 31 |
September 19 to 20 |
Iuka, Miss. |
144 |
598 |
40 |
782 |
1,516 |
| 32 |
October 3 and 4 |
Corinth, Miss. |
315 |
1,812 |
232 |
2,359 |
14,221 |
| 33 |
October 5 |
Big Hatchie River, Miss. |
— |
— |
— |
500 |
400 |
| 34 |
October 8 |
Perryville, Ky. |
916 |
2,943 |
489 |
4,348 |
7,000 |
| 35 |
December 7 |
Prairie Grove, Ark. |
167 |
798 |
183 |
1,148 |
1,500 |
| 36 |
December 7 |
Hartsville, Tenn. |
55 |
— |
1,800 |
1,855 |
149 |
| 37 |
December 12 to 18 |
Foster's expedition to Goldsboro', N.C. |
90 |
478 |
9 |
577 |
739 |
| 38 |
December 13 |
Fredericksburg, Va. |
1,180 |
9,028 |
2,145 |
12,353 |
4,576 |
| 39 |
December 20 |
Holly Springs, Miss. |
— |
— |
1,000 |
1,000 |
— |
| 40 |
December 27 |
Elizabethtown, Ky. |
— |
— |
500 |
500 |
— |
| 41 |
December 28 and 29 |
Chickasaw Bayou, Vicksburg, Miss. |
191 |
982 |
756 |
1,929 |
207 |
| 42 |
Dec. 31, 1862, to Jan. 2, 1863 |
Stone's River, Tenn. |
1,533 |
7,245 |
2,800 |
11,578 |
25,560 |
|
1863. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 43 |
January 1 |
Galveston, Texas |
— |
— |
600 |
600 |
50 |
| 44 |
January 11 |
Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, Ark. |
129 |
831 |
17 |
977 |
5,500 |
| 45 |
March 4 and 5 |
Thompson's Station, Tenn. |
100 |
300 |
1,306 |
1,706 |
600 |
| 46 |
April 27 to May 3 |
Streight's raid from Tuscumbia, Ala., to Rome, Ga. |
12 |
69 |
1,466 |
1,547 |
— |
| 47 |
May 1 |
Port Gibson, Miss. |
130 |
718 |
5 |
853 |
1,650 |
| 48 |
May 1 to 4 |
Chancellorsville, Va. |
1,512 |
9,518 |
5,000 |
16,030 |
12,281 |
| 49 |
May 16 |
Champion Mills, Miss. |
426 |
1,842 |
189 |
2,457 |
4,300 |
| 50 |
May 18 to July 4 |
Siege of Vicksburg, Miss. |
545 |
3,688 |
303 |
4,536 |
31,277 |
| 51 |
May 27 to July 9 |
Siege of Port Hudson, La. |
500 |
2,500 |
— |
3,000 |
7,208 |
| 52 |
June 6 to 8 |
Milliken's Bend, La. |
154 |
223 |
115 |
492 |
725 |
| 53 |
June 9 |
Beverly Ford and Brandy Station, Va. |
— |
— |
— |
500 |
700 |
| 54 |
June 13 to 15 |
Winchester, Va. |
— |
— |
3,000 |
3,000 |
850 |
| 55 |
June 23 to 30 |
Rosecrans' campaign from Murfreesboro' to Tullahoma, Tenn. |
85 |
462 |
13 |
560 |
1,634 |
| 56 |
July 1 to 3 |
Gettysburg, Pa. |
2,834 |
13,709 |
6,643 |
23,186 |
31,621 |
| 57 |
July 9 to 16 |
Jackson, Miss. |
100 |
800 |
100 |
1,000 |
1,339 |
| 58 |
July 18 |
Second assault on Fort Wagner, S. C |
— |
— |
— |
1,500 |
174[68] |
| 59 |
September 19 to 20 |
Chickamauga, Ga. |
1,644 |
9,262 |
4,945 |
15,851 |
17,804 |
| 60 |
November 3 |
Grand Coteau, La. |
26 |
124 |
576 |
726 |
445 |
| 61 |
November 6 |
Rogersville, Tenn. |
5 |
12 |
650 |
667 |
30 |
| 62 |
November 23 to 25 |
Chattanooga, Tenn.; includes Orchard Knob, Lookout Mountain, and
Missionary Ridge. |
757 |
4,529 |
330 |
5,616 |
8,684 |
| 63 |
November 26 to 28 |
Operations at Mine Run, Va. |
100 |
400 |
— |
500 |
500 |
| 64 |
December 14 |
Bean's Station, Tenn. |
— |
— |
— |
700 |
900 |
|
1864. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 65 |
February 20 |
Olustee, Fla. |
193 |
1,175 |
460 |
1,828 |
500 |
| 66 |
April 8 |
Sabine Cross Roads, La. |
200 |
900 |
1,800 |
2,900 |
1,500 |
| 67 |
April 9 |
Pleasant Hills, La. |
100 |
700 |
300 |
1,100 |
2,000 |
| 68 |
April 12 |
Fort Pillow, Tenn. |
350 |
60 |
164 |
574 |
80 |
| 69 |
April 17 to 20 |
Plymouth, N. C. |
20 |
80 |
1,500 |
1,600 |
500 |
| 70 |
April 30 |
Jenkins' Ferry, Saline River, Ark. |
200 |
955 |
— |
1,155 |
1,100 |
| 71 |
May 5 to 7 |
Wilderness, Va. |
5,597 |
21,463 |
10,677 |
37,737 |
11,400 |
| 72 |
May 5 to 9 |
Rocky Face Ridge, Ga.; includes Tunnel Hill, Mill Creek Gap, Buzzard
Roost, Snake Creek Gap, and near Dalton |
200 |
637 |
— |
837 |
600 |
| 73 |
May 8 to 18 |
Spottsylvania Court House, Va.; includes engagements on the Fredericksburg
Road, Laurel Hill, and Nye River |
4,177 |
19,687 |
2,577 |
26,461 |
9,000 |
| 74 |
May 9 to 10 |
Swift Creek, Va. |
90 |
400 |
— |
490 |
500 |
| 75 |
May 9 to 10 |
Cloyd's Mountain and New River Bridge, Va. |
126 |
585 |
34 |
745 |
900 |
| 76 |
May 12 to 16 |
Fort Darling, Drewry's Bluff, Va. |
422 |
2,380 |
210 |
3,012 |
2,500 |
| 77 |
May 13 to 16 |
Resaca, Ga. |
600 |
2,147 |
— |
2,747 |
2,800 |
| 78 |
May 15 |
New Market, Va. |
120 |
560 |
240 |
920 |
405 |
| 79 |
May 16 to 30 |
Bermuda Hundred, Va. |
200 |
1,000 |
— |
1,200 |
3,000 |
| 80 |
May 23 to 27 |
North Anna River, Va. |
223 |
1,460 |
290 |
1,973 |
2,000 |
| 81 |
May 25 to June 4 |
Dallas, Ga. |
— |
— |
— |
2,400 |
3,000 |
| 82 |
June 1 to 12 |
Cold Harbor, Va. |
1,905 |
10,570 |
2,456 |
14,931 |
1,700 |
| 83 |
June 5 |
Piedmont, Va. |
130 |
650 |
— |
780 |
2,970 |
| 84 |
June 9 to 30 |
Kenesaw Mountain, Ga.; includes Pine Mountain, Pine Knob, Golgotha,
Culp's House, general assault, June 27th: McAfee's Cross Roads, Lattemore's Mills and Powder Springs |
1,370 |
6,500 |
800 |
8,670 |
4,600 |
| 85 |
June 10 |
Brice's Cross Roads, near Guntown, Miss. |
223 |
394 |
1,623 |
2,240 |
606 |
| 86 |
June 10 |
Kellar's Bridge, Licking River, Ky. |
13 |
54 |
700 |
767 |
— |
| 87 |
June 11 and 12 |
Trevellian Station, Central Railroad, Va. |
85 |
490 |
160 |
735 |
370 |
| 88 |
June 15 to 19 |
Petersburg, Va.; includes Baylor's Farm, Walthal, and Weir Bottom
Church |
1,298 |
7,474 |
1,814 |
10,586 |
— |
| 89 |
June 17 and 18 |
Lynchburg, Va. |
100 |
500 |
400 |
700 |
200 |
| 90 |
June 20 to 30 |
Trenches in front of Petersburg, Va. |
112 |
506 |
800 |
1,418 |
— |
| 91 |
June 22 to 30 |
Wilson's raid on the Weldon Railroad, Va. |
76 |
265 |
700 |
1,041 |
300 |
| 92 |
June 22 and 23 |
Weldon Railroad, Va. |
604 |
2,494 |
2,217 |
5,315 |
500 |
| 93 |
June 27 |
Kenesaw Mountain, general assault. See No. 2,345 |
— |
— |
— |
3,000 |
608 |
| 94 |
July 1 to 31 |
Front of Petersburg, Va.; losses at the Crater and Deep Bottom
not included |
419 |
2,076 |
1,200 |
3,695 |
— |
| 95 |
July 6 to 10 |
Chattahoochee River, Ga. |
80 |
450 |
200 |
730 |
600 |
| 96 |
July 9 |
Monocacy, Md. |
90 |
579 |
1,290 |
1,959 |
400 |
| 97 |
July 13 to 15 |
Tupelo, Miss.; includes Harrisburg and Old Town Creek |
85 |
563 |
— |
648 |
700 |
| 98 |
July 20 |
Peach Tree Creek, Ga. |
300 |
1,410 |
— |
1,710 |
4,796 |
| 99 |
July 22 |
Atlanta, Ga.; Hood's first sortie |
500 |
2,141 |
1,000 |
3,641 |
8,499 |
| 100 |
July 24 |
Winchester, Va. |
— |
— |
— |
1,200 |
600 |
| 101 |
July 26 to 31 |
Stoneman's raid to Macon, Ga. |
— |
100 |
900 |
1,000 |
— |
| 102 |
July 26 to 31 |
McCook's raid to Lovejoy Station, Ga. |
— |
100 |
500 |
600 |
— |
| 103 |
July 28 |
Ezra Chapel, Atlanta, Ga.; second sortie. |
100 |
600 |
— |
700 |
4,642 |
| 104 |
July 30 |
Mine explosion at Petersburg, Va. |
419 |
1,679 |
1,910 |
4,008 |
1,200 |
| 105 |
August 1 to 31 |
Trenches before Petersburg, Va. |
87 |
484 |
— |
571 |
— |
| 106 |
August 14 to 18 |
Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom Run, Va. |
400 |
1,755 |
1,400 |
3,555 |
1,100 |
| 107 |
August 18, 19 & 21 |
Six Mile House, Weldon Railroad, Va. |
212 |
1,155 |
3,176 |
4,543 |
4,000 |
| 108 |
August 21 |
Summit Point, Va. |
— |
— |
— |
600 |
400 |
| 109 |
August 25 |
Ream's Station, Va. |
127 |
546 |
1,769 |
2,442 |
1,500 |
| 110 |
August 31 to September 1 |
Jonesboro', Ga. |
— |
1,149 |
— |
1,149 |
2,000 |
| 111 |
May 5 to September 8 |
Campaign in Northern Georgia, from Chattanooga, Tenn., to Atlanta,
Ga. |
5,284 |
26,129 |
5,786 |
37,199 |
— |
| 112 |
September 1 to October 30 |
Trenches before Petersburg, Va. |
170 |
822 |
812 |
1,804 |
1,000 |
| 113 |
September 19 |
Opequan, Winchester, Va. |
653 |
3,719 |
618 |
4,990 |
5,500 |
| 114 |
September 23 |
Athens, Ala. |
— |
— |
950 |
950 |
30 |
| 115 |
September 24 to October 28 |
Price's invasion of Missouri; includes a number of engagements |
170 |
336 |
— |
506 |
— |
| 116 |
September 28 to 30 |
New Market Heights, Va. |
400 |
2,029 |
— |
2,429 |
2,000 |
| 117 |
September 30 to October 1 |
Preble's Farm, Poplar Springs Church, Va. |
141 |
788 |
1,756 |
2,685 |
900 |
| 118 |
October 5 |
Allatoona, Ga. |
142 |
352 |
212 |
706 |
1,142[69] |
| 119 |
October 19 |
Cedar Creek, Va. |
588 |
3,516 |
1,891 |
5,995 |
4,200 |
| 120 |
October 27 |
Hatcher's Run, South Side Railroad, Va. |
156 |
1,047 |
699 |
1,902 |
1,000 |
| 121 |
October 27 and 28 |
Fair Oaks, near Richmond, Va. |
120 |
783 |
400 |
1,303 |
451 |
| 122 |
November 28 |
Fort Kelly, New Creek, West Va. |
— |
— |
700 |
700 |
5 |
| 123 |
November 30 |
Franklin, Tenn. |
189 |
1,033 |
1,104 |
2,326 |
6,252 |
| 124 |
November 30 |
Honey Hill, Broad River, S. C. |
66 |
645 |
— |
711 |
— |
| 125 |
December 6 to 9 |
Deveaux's Neck, S. C. |
39 |
390 |
200 |
629 |
400 |
| 126 |
December 15 & 16 |
Nashville, Tenn. |
400 |
1,740 |
— |
2,140 |
15,000 |
|
1865. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 127 |
January 11 |
Beverly, West Va. |
5 |
20 |
583 |
608 |
— |
| 128 |
January 13 to 15 |
Fort Fisher, N. C. |
184 |
749 |
22 |
955 |
2,483 |
| 129 |
February 5 to 7 |
Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, Va. |
232 |
1,062 |
186 |
1,480 |
1,200 |
| 130 |
March 8 to 10 |
Wilcox's Bridge, Wise's Fork, N. C. |
80 |
421 |
600 |
1,101 |
1,500 |
| 131 |
March 16 |
Averysboro', N. C. |
77 |
477 |
— |
554 |
865 |
| 132 |
March 19 to 21 |
Bentonville, N. C. |
191 |
1,168 |
287 |
1,646 |
2,825 |
| 133 |
March 25 |
Fort Steedman, in front of Petersburg, VA. |
68 |
337 |
506 |
911 |
2,681 |
| 134 |
March 25 |
Petersburg, Va. |
103 |
864 |
209 |
1,176 |
834 |
| 135 |
March 26 to April 8 |
Spanish Fort, Ala. |
100 |
695 |
— |
795 |
552 |
| 136 |
March 22 to April 24 |
Wilson's raid from Chickasaw, Ala., to Macon, Ga.; includes a
number of engagements |
99 |
598 |
28 |
725 |
8,020 |
| 137 |
March 31 |
Boydton and White Oak Roads, Va. |
177 |
1,134 |
556 |
1,867 |
1,235 |
| 138 |
April 1 |
Five Forks, Va. |
124 |
706 |
54 |
884 |
8,500 |
| 139 |
April 2 |
Fall of Petersburg, Va. |
296 |
2,565 |
500 |
3,361 |
3,000 |
| 140 |
April 6 |
Sailor's Creek, Va. |
166 |
1,014 |
— |
1,180 |
7,000 |
| 141 |
April 6 |
High Bridge, Appomattox River, Va. |
10 |
31 |
1,000 |
1,041 |
— |
| 142 |
April 7 |
Farmville, Va. |
— |
— |
— |
655 |
— |
| 143 |
April 9 |
Fort Blakely, Ala. |
113 |
516 |
— |
629 |
2,900 |
| 144 |
April 9 |
Surrender of Lee |
— |
— |
— |
— |
26,000 |
| 145 |
April 26 |
Johnston surrendered |
— |
— |
— |
— |
29,924 |
| 146 |
May 4 |
Taylor surrendered |
— |
— |
— |
— |
10,000 |
| 147 |
May 10 |
Sam Jones surrendered |
— |
— |
— |
— |
8,000 |
| 148 |
May 11 |
Jeff Thompson surrendered |
— |
— |
— |
— |
7,454 |
| 149 |
May 26 |
Kirby Smith surrendered |
— |
— |
— |
— |
20,000 |
List of Major Events and Battles in the Several States and Territories during
each Year of the Civil War.
Civil War skirmishes and small scale engagements were not
included in the following list. On the other hand, an event, such as trying to burn a city, was included.
| Confederate capital of Richmond in ruins in 1865 |
|
| Both capitals, Richmond and Washington, were a mere 100 miles apart. |
(Above) Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia, in ruins in 1865. Because both
Union and Confederate capitals were a mere 100 miles apart, it resulted in more major battles being contested in
Virginia than any other state. As the war progressed, the Union strategy evolved. Initially, however, many in Washington
believed that it could blockade the Southern coasts and ports and practically starve the South into submission.
Blockades were not only costly to enforce, but with extensive coastlines, such as the Southern coast, they were virtually
ineffective in starving or defeating an enemy. Northern strategy therefore evolved and that meant mobilizing massive armies
and advancing them into the heart of the Confederacy. Since the headquarters of Dixie remained at Richmond for most
of the Civil War, that made it the principal target for many Union strategists and generals. But while the Northern troops
advanced on Richmond, they remained cognizant that their own capital was now a target. Unlike his predecessors who had retreated
from the determined Lee and his Confederates in Virginia, Grant assumed command of all the Union forces and too was determined
to pursue his nemesis, Lee, at all cost. In the summer of 1864, the opposing armies dug trenches (precursors to
WWI) in what became known as the Richmond-Petersburg Siege (aka Richmond-Petersburg Campaign). The siege lasted
nearly 10 months, when Lee, and his starving Confederates, attempted a break through and break out. It faltered however,
because Lee's starving force had dwindled to 50,000 while Grant, with nearly 100,000 men, had Sheridan's main body advancing
from the valley with an additional 50,000 Union soldiers and cavalry to assist, and Sherman, too, concluding his March
to the Sea, was marching toward Lee with his large Union force of 89,000. Three massive Union armies were now converging on
Lee's battered Confederates. Consequently, Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865, thus ending the bloodiest war in
the nation's history.
| Beneath the unfinished dome of the Capitol |
|
| Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln, March 4, 1861, beneath the unfinished dome of the Capitol |
| States and Territories |
1861 |
1862 |
1863 |
1864 |
1865 |
Total |
| New York |
— |
— |
1 |
— |
— |
1 |
| Pennsylvania |
— |
— |
8 |
1 |
— |
9 |
| Maryland |
3 |
9 |
10 |
8 |
— |
30 |
| Dist. of Columbia |
— |
— |
— |
1 |
— |
1 |
| West Virginia |
29 |
114 |
17 |
19 |
1 |
80 |
| Virginia |
30 |
40 |
116 |
205 |
28 |
519 |
| North Carolina |
2 |
27 |
18 |
10 |
28 |
85 |
| South Carolina |
2 |
10 |
17 |
9 |
22 |
60 |
| Georgia |
— |
2 |
8 |
92 |
6 |
108 |
| Florida |
3 |
3 |
4 |
17 |
5 |
32 |
| Alabama |
— |
10 |
12 |
32 |
24 |
78 |
| Mississippi |
— |
42 |
76 |
67 |
1 |
186 |
| Louisiana |
1 |
11 |
54 |
50 |
2 |
118 |
| Texas |
1 |
2 |
8 |
1 |
2 |
14 |
| Arkansas |
1 |
42 |
40 |
78 |
6 |
167 |
| Tennessee |
2 |
82 |
124 |
89 |
1 |
298 |
| Kentucky |
14 |
59 |
30 |
31 |
4 |
138 |
| Ohio |
— |
— |
3 |
— |
— |
3 |
| Indiana |
— |
— |
4 |
— |
— |
4 |
| Illinois |
— |
— |
— |
1 |
— |
1 |
| Missouri |
65 |
95 |
43 |
41 |
— |
244 |
| Minnesota |
— |
5 |
1 |
— |
— |
6 |
| California |
— |
1 |
4 |
1 |
— |
6 |
| Kansas |
— |
— |
2 |
5 |
— |
7 |
| Oregon |
— |
— |
— |
3 |
1 |
4 |
| Nevada |
— |
— |
— |
2 |
— |
2 |
| Washington Ter. |
— |
— |
1 |
— |
— |
1 |
| Utah |
— |
— |
1 |
— |
— |
1 |
| New Mexico |
3 |
5 |
7 |
4 |
— |
19 |
| Nebraska |
— |
— |
2 |
— |
— |
2 |
| Colorado |
— |
— |
— |
4 |
— |
4 |
| Indian Territory |
— |
2 |
9 |
3 |
3 |
17 |
| Dakota |
— |
2 |
5 |
4 |
— |
11 |
| Arizona |
— |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
| Idaho |
— |
— |
1 |
— |
— |
1 |
|
156 |
564 |
627 |
779 |
135 |
2,261 |
List of the Costs of Civil War
| Cost of Civil War |
|
| Amputated limbs, legs, and feet |
From 1861-1865 it cost the United States government approximately 2 million
dollars a day to prosecute the war; the Second World War cost more than 113 million dollars a day.
In 1866,
20% of Mississippi’s
entire state budget went to the procurement of artificial limbs, and, from 1871 to 1873, 3,929 Tennesseans filed claims with the Southern Claims
Commission. They claimed that their property had been taken by the U.S. military for use during the Civil
War. Immediately following the conflict, approximately 80,000 Alabama widows requested state assistance, while thousands of
additional widows didn't request any aid. Prior
to the Civil War, in 1860, there were 69,000 farms in North Carolina and 46,000 of these, or 71%, were less than 100
acres in size. In 1860 there were only 300 plantations of 1,000 acres or more in the state. The 1860 census listed 121 planters
and 85,198 farmers. North Carolina has a long history of small farms, and cutting trees for fence rails was a major
cause of forest destruction. The Civil War bankrupted most industries in the Old North State, including agriculture.
In 1880 the Secretary of the Treasury reported that the Civil War had cost
the Federal government 6.19 billion dollars. By 1910 the cost of the war, including pensions and other veterans benefits,
had reached 11.5 billion dollars. World War II was three months shorter than the Civil War, but from 1942-1945 approximately
156 billion dollars was spent on the military establishment.
The total cost of the war to the South has been estimated at 4 billion dollars.
The public debt outstanding for an average population of 33 million rose from
$2.80 to $75 per capita between 1861 and 1865. In mid-1958 the per capita debt stood at $1,493 for a population of 175.5 million.
In 1958 the government was providing pensions for 3,042 widows of Union veterans.
In June of that year, as a result of special legislation, 526 widows of Southern soldiers and the two surviving Confederate
veterans became eligible for Federal pensions. The last Union veteran, Albert Woolson, had died in 1956, leaving the two Confederates,
John Salling and Walter Williams, to draw the highest Civil War pensions paid by the United States government. The last Civil
War veteran, Walter Williams, died in December 1959 at the age of 117. Since then, William's claim as a veteran has been disputed
in the newspapers, but sufficient evidence does not exist to positively prove or disprove his military status.
The pursuit and capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwinville, Georgia, cost
the Federal government $97,031.62.
From 1861-1865 it cost the Federal government, in millions of dollars:
$727—to clothe and feed the Army
18—to
clothe and feed the Navy
339—for transportation of troops and supplies
127—for cavalry and artillery horses
76—for
the purchase of arms
8—to maintain and provide for Confederate prisoners
Soldiers and sailors of the United States received 1.34 billion dollars in
pay during the war.
In 1861 an infantry private was paid $13 per month—compared to a private's
pay of $83 today. A Civil War colonel drew $95 per month and a brigadier general $124. Their counterparts today are paid a
monthly base rate of $592 and $800.
During the 1860's the average cost of a musket was $13 as compared to $105
for an M1 Garand in World War II.
| List of Civil War Reconstruction Districts |
|
| Reconstruction was a list of requirements for each Southern state to be readmitted into the Union |
List of Innovations and Inventions
The Civil War
caused 620,000 killed, and it forced the United States military to reexamine its stiff, outdated tactics and strategies
that had led to the carnage. The U.S. Military Academy, U.S. Naval Academy, and other military schools would
adapt, improvise, and overcome to meet the present and future challenges of war. After all, numerous inventions and innovations
were a result of the Civil War. The arts of tactics and strategy were revolutionized by the many developments introduced
during the 1860s. Thus the Civil War ushered in a new era in warfare with the: FIRST practical machine gun, FIRST repeating
rifle used in combat, FIRST use of the railroads as a major means of transporting troops and supplies, FIRST mobile siege
artillery mounted on rail cars, FIRST extensive use of trenches and field fortifications, FIRST large-scale use of land mines,
known as "subterranean shells", FIRST naval mines or "torpedoes", FIRST ironclad ships engaged in combat, FIRST multi-manned
submarine, FIRST organized and systematic care of the wounded on the battlefield, FIRST widespread use of rails for hospital
trains, FIRST organized military signal service, FIRST visual signaling by flag and torch during combat, FIRST use of portable
telegraph units on the battlefield; FIRST military reconnaissance from a manned
balloon, FIRST draft in the United States, FIRST organized use of Negro troops in combat, FIRST voting in the field for a
national election by servicemen, FIRST income tax—levied to finance the war, FIRST
photograph taken in combat, FIRST Medal of Honor awarded an American soldier. See also Civil War Comparison of North and South, Union and Confederacy and Civil War Small Arms, Firearms, and Edged Weapons: A Photographic
History.
See also
Sources: Library of Congress; National Park Service; National Archives;
William H. Price, The Civil War Centennial Handbook; Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies; US Census Bureau;
The Union Army (1908); Fox, William F. Regimental Losses in the American Civil War (1889); Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium
of the War of the Rebellion (1908); Phisterer, Frederick. Statistical record of the armies of the United States (1883); Hardesty,
Jesse. Killed and died of wounds in the Union army during the Civil War (1915). Wright-Eley Co.; Catton, Bruce, The Coming
Fury: The Centennial History of the Civil War, Volume 1, Doubleday, 1961, ISBN 0-641-68525-4; Coski, John M., "The War between
the Names", North and South magazine, vol. 8, no. 7., January 2006; Musick, Michael P., "Civil War Records: A War by Any Other
Name", Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives, Summer 1995, Vol. 27, No. 2; U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion:
a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901;
Wittichen, Mrs. Murray Forbes, "Let's Say 'War Between the States'", Florida Division, United Daughters of the Confederacy,
1954; American National Biography 24 vol (1999); McHenry, Robert ed. Webster's American Military Biographies (1978); Warner,
Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, (1964), ISBN 978-0-8071-0822-2; Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Gray:
Lives of the Confederate Commanders, (1959), ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9; Berlin, Ira, et al., eds. Freedom's Soldiers: The Black
Military Experience in the Civil War (1998); Glatthaar, Joseph T. General Lee's Army: From Victory to Collapse (2009); Hess,
Earl J. The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (1997); Power, J. Tracy. Lee's Miserables: Life in the
Army of Northern Virginia from the Wilderness to Appomattox (2002); Wiley, Bell Irvin. The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common
Soldier of the Confederacy (1962) (ISBN 978-0-8071-0475-0); Wiley, Bell Irvin. Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the
Union (1952) (ISBN 978-0-8071-0476-7); Blair, Jayne E. The Essential Civil War: A Handbook to the Battles, Armies, Navies
And Commanders (2006); Carter, Alice E. and Richard Jensen. The Civil War on the Web: A Guide to the Very Best Sites- 2nd
ed. (2003); Current, Richard N., et al. eds. Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (1993) (4 Volume set; also 1 vol abridged version)
(ISBN 978-0-13-275991-5); Faust, Patricia L. (ed.) Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War (1986) (ISBN
978-0-06-181261-3); Esposito, Vincent J., West Point Atlas of American Wars online edition 1995; Heidler, David Stephen, ed.
Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2002); North & South - The Official
Magazine of the Civil War Society deals with book reviews, battles, discussion & analysis, and other issues of the American
Civil War; Resch, John P. et al., Americans at War: Society, Culture and the Homefront vol 2: 1816–1900 (2005); Savage,
Kirk, Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton
University Press, 1997. (The definitive book on Civil War monuments.); Tulloch, Hugh. The Debate on the American Civil War
Era (1999); Wagner, Margaret E. Gary W. Gallagher, and Paul Finkelman, eds. The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference
(2002); Woodworth, Steven E. ed. American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research (1996) (ISBN 978-0-313-29019-0);
Woods, Michael E., "What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial
Review of the Recent Literature," Journal of American History 99 (Sept. 2012), 415–39; John S. Jackman; William C. Davis
(March 1, 1997 – Vol. 58, No. Aug 3, 1992). Diary of a Confederate Soldier: John S. Jackman of the Orphan Brigade. University
of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003; Commager, Henry Steele (ed.). The Blue and the Gray. The Story of the Civil War
as Told by Participants. (1950); Hesseltine, William B. ed.; The Tragic Conflict: The Civil War and Reconstruction (1962);
Simpson, Brooks D. et al. eds. The Civil War: The First Year Told by Those Who Lived It (Library of America 2011); National
Museum of Health and Medicine; U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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